APES September 7, 2010
 Review
Questions #2-15 Initial on
Assignment sheet
 Pick up Chapter 1 Learning Targets on Stool
 Go over outline of Major Topics & Questions
on past tests
 Graph World Population Extrapolation
 Notes Chapter 1
 AP TEST DATE!! Monday May 2, 2011 8
AM!!
APES September 8, 2010
 Homework:
Questions 16,19,20 page 19
 Log onto web page to see Rule of 70’s
 Complete World Population Graph
 Notes on Chapter 1
 FRQ tomorrow with instructions on how to
complete them…
 Quiz on Friday
Rule of 70’s explained!






Solving for t:
Natural log of 2 is 0.693
rt

2Q
=Q
e
0
0
or about .70
rt

2=e
rt
Natural log of e is rt
If you start with quantity  1n(2)=rt (taking 1n each
side)
Q, & it grows at a rate
 .70=rt
“r” for “t” years then
Q=Q0ert (if r = 2%, use  t=.70/r
r =.02 in the formula)
 since r is a % we
The doubling time will change to decimal 2% - >
be when Q = 2Q0
0.02 so
t = .70/.02 or =70/2=35yrs
Chapter 1
Environmental
Problems, Their Causes,
and Sustainability
What is Environmental Science?
 The
goals of environmental science are to
learn:




how nature works.
how the environment effects us.
how we effect the environment.
how we can live more sustainably without
degrading our life-support system.
Key Concepts
Growth and Sustainability
Resources and Resource Use
Pollution
Causes of Environmental Problems
September 9, 2010
 Check
off questions for homework 16, 19,20
 FRQ – free response question
 Go over scoring rubric
 Notes
 Quiz
on PowerPoint
on Chapter 1 Tomorrow
World Population Graph
16
14
12
Series1
Series2
10
Series3
8
6
4
2
0
1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Core Case Study:
Living in an Exponential Age
 Human
population growth: J-shaped curve
Figure 1-1
Population Growth
Exponential
Growth
Doubling Time/
Rule of 70
Fig. 1-2 p. 4
LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY
… the study of how the earth works, how we
interact with the earth and how to deal with
environmental problems.
Figure 1-2
Sustainability: The Integrative Theme
 Sustainability,
is the ability of earth’s various
systems to survive and adapt to
environmental conditions indefinitely.
 The steps to sustainability must be
supported by sound science.
Figure 1-3
Environmentally Sustainable Societies
…
meets basic needs of its people in a just
and equitable manner without degrading the
natural capital that supplies these resources.
Figure 1-4
POPULATION GROWTH,
ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
 Economic
growth provides people with more
goods and services.

Measured in gross domestic product (GDP) and
purchasing power parity (PPP).
 Economic
development uses economic
growth to improve living standards.

The world’s countries economic status
(developed vs. developing) are based on their
degree of industrialization and GDP-PPP.
Global Outlook
 Comparison
of
developed and
developing countries.
Figures 1-5 and 1-6
Economic Development
Developed Countries
(US, Canada, Japan, Australia, NZ, Europe)
Developing Countries
Positive Aspects
(Life expectancy doubled, food production outpaces
population growth, SDW increase, more goods/less materials,
pollution decline in developed countries)
Negative Aspects
(Life expectancy and pollution control lag in developing
countries, unsustainable natural resource use, population
competing with wildlife habitats, self-inflict climate changes)
Globalization
ECONOMIC- Global economy has grown
from $6.6 billion in 1950 to $47 trillion in
2002. (Trade)
Information and Communication
(Internet)
Environmental Effects
(Transport of species/disease)
Aspects of Economic Growth
*
Provides goods and services for people
*
Is encouraged by population
*
Is encouraged by increased consumption
RESOURCES
 Perpetual:
On a human time scale
are continuous.
 Renewable: On a human time scale
can be replenished rapidly (e.g.
hours to several decades).
 Nonrenewable: On a human time
scale are in fixed supply.
Resources
Perpetual
Renewable
Non-renewable
Fig. 1-6 p. 9
Renewable Resources
Sustainable Yield
Environmental Degradation
(exceeding sustainable yield)
Tragedy of the Commons
Nonrenewable Resources
 Exist

as fixed quantity
Becomes economically
depleted.
 Recycling
and reusing
extends supply


Recycling processes waste
material into new material.
Reuse is using a resource
over again in the same form.
Figure 1-8
Non-Renewable Resources
Energy Resources
Metallic Resources
Non-Metallic
Resources
Reuse
Recycle
Economic Depletion
Fig. 1-7 p. 10
Our Ecological Footprint
 Humanity’s
ecological
footprint has exceeded
earths ecological
capacity.
Figure 1-7
Pollution
What is pollution?
What are the two types of pollution?
Sources
Point
Nonpoint
POLLUTION
 Found
at high enough
levels in the
environment to cause
harm to organisms.
Figure 1-9
Effects of Pollution
 Pollutants
can have three types of unwanted
effects:
 1) Can disrupt/degrade life support systems
 2) Can damage health and property
 3) Can create nuisances such as noise and
unpleasant smells, tastes, and sights.
Dealing With Pollution
Prevention (Input Control)
Cleanup (Output Control)
Solutions: Prevention vs. Cleanup
 Problems
with relying on cleanup:
 Temporary bandage without
improvements in control technology.
 Often removes a pollutant from one
part of the environment to cause
problems in another.
 Pollutants at harmful levels can cost
too much to reduce them to
acceptable levels.
Major Environmental Problems
Air Pollution
Examples: urban air pollution, acid deposition,
outdoor pollutants, indoor pollutants, noise
Major Environmental Problems
Waste Production
Examples: Solid waste, hazardous waste
Major Environmental Problems
Water Pollution
Examples: Sediment, nutrient overload, toxic
chemicals, infectious agents, oxygen
depletion, pesticides, oil spills, excess heat
Major Environmental Problems
Biodiversity Depletion
Examples: habitat destruction, habitat
degradation, extinction
Major Environmental Problems
Food Supply Problems
Examples: Overgrazing, farmland loss and
degradation, wetland loss and degradation,
overfishing, coastal pollution, soil erosion,
soil waterlogging, water shortages, poor
nutrition
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:
CAUSES AND CONNECTIONS
 The
major causes of environmental
problems are:





Population growth
Wasteful resource use
Poverty
Poor environmental accounting
Ecological ignorance
Connections between Environmental
Problems and Their Causes
Figure 1-14
Is Our Present Course Sustainable?
Does Sustainable Development clash with
Economic Development?
Who should we believe?
Environmental Worldviews
 Planetary Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
We’re in charge,
There’s always more,
All economic growth is good,
Success depends on understanding, controlling, and
managing the earth for our benefit.
 Environmental Wisdom
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nature’s in charge,
Some things are limited,
Technology and economic growth can be bad,
Success depends on learning how the earth adapts and
integrating how nature acts in to how we act.
Poverty and Environmental Problems
1
of 3 children
under 5, suffer
from severe
malnutrition.
Figure 1-12 and 1-13
Natural capital degradation
 The
exponential increasing flow of material
resources through the world’s economic
systems depletes, degrades and pollutes the
environment.
Figure 1-11
Resource Consumption and
Environmental Problems
 Underconsumption
 Overconsumption

Affluenza: unsustainable
addiction to overconsumption
and materialism.