WHAP Unit 3 Chapter 9 Reading Guide
Name:
43 Ids at 2 points each=86
Date:
/206
24 boxes at 5 points each= 120
Hour:
Read Chapter 9 and Identify the following:
Bedouins:
Nomadic Arabs, herded sheep and
camels, lived in clans, polytheistic
Kaaba:
Religious shrine in Arabia, housed
representations of 360 deities until
Arabia turned toward monotheism
and it was purged of its idols by
Muhammad.
Quraysh:
A dominant tribe in Mecca that
controlled access to the Kaaba,
wealthy from taxing trade from
pilgrims
dar al-Islam:
world of Islam, house of Islam
Muhammad:
Allah’s messenger to the Arabs, his
revelations were recorded in the
Quran, founder of Islam
Allah:
The supreme god of the Arab
pantheon, later known as the only
god, some believe the same as
Yahweh, the Jewish God
The Quran:
Most holy text of Islam recording the
revelations given to the prophet
Muhammad
Mecca:
Home of Muhammad, site of the
Kaaba, sacred city of Islam
Muslim:
Follower of Islam, one who submits
Hijra:
The flight of Muhammad and his
original seventy followers from Mecca
to Yathrib (Medina) in 622; marks the
starting point of the Islamic calendar
Umma:
The community of all believers in
Islam
Battle of Talas:
751, between Tang China and Abbasid
Caliphate on Talas River
“people of the book”:
Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians,
those considered to be believers
Dhimmis:
Non-Muslims who were protected but
second-class citizens
Jizya:
Special tax paid by dhimmis in
Muslim-ruled territory in return for
freedom to practice their own religion
Caliph:
Political leader of the umma
Rightly Guided Caliphs:
The first four caliphs who were
companions of Muhammad
Abu Bakr:
First of the rightly guided caliphs used
force to deal with division over who
should follow Muhammad
Shia:
Felt that leaders should come from
the line of Ali, relative of Muhammad
instead of being chosen by the umma.
Sunni:
Branch of Islam that felt caliphs
should be chosen by the umma
Ulama:
Religious scholars of Islam
Imams:
Shia leaders with religious authority
that allowed them to interpret divine
revelation and the law
Umayyad Dynasty:
Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic
world from 661 to 750.
Abbasid Dynasty:
Caliphs who ruled an increasingly
fragmented Islamic state from 7501258, eventually becoming little more
than figureheads
Baghdad:
Capital of the Abbasid dynasty
Sultanate:
Territory ruled by a sultan or absolute
ruler of Islamic land
“honor killing”:
Killing of women by their male family
members for violating sexual taboos
Hadiths:
Collection of the teachings, sayings
and actions of Muhammad
Mullahs:
Female teachers of Islam
Hajj:
The pilgrimage to Mecca
Sufis:
Those who believe that Muslims must
know God in their hearts, through
direct personal encounter with Allah
Sikhism:
A significant syncretic religion that
evolved in India, blending elements of
Islam and Hinduism; founded by Guru
Nanak
Ibn Battuta:
14th century Arab traveler who wrote
about his extensive journeys
throughout the Islamic world
Mansa Musa:
Muslim king of Mali (c.1280-1337)who
famously undertook a pilgrimage from
his West Afican homeland to the holy
city of Mecca.
Cordoba:
Capital of Muslim Spain or al-Andulus
al-Mansur:
Muslim leader that persecuted
Christians in Spain, plundered
churches
Madrassas:
Formal colleges for higher instruction
in the teachings of Islam as well as in
secular subjects, founded throughout
the Islamic world beginning in the 11th
century
Shaykhs:
Sufi teachers who had disciples
Five Pillars:
The core practices required of
Muslims; a profession of faith, regular
prayer, charitable giving, fasting
during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to
Mecca
Jihad:
Sometimes called the sixth pillar,
struggle, internal personal effort
against greed and selfishness, also
jihad of the sword
Medina:
Yathrib, the city of the Prophet, city
Muhammad emigrated to in order to
flee opposition in Mecca
Sharia:
Islamic law, dealing with all matters of
both secular and religious life
Key Concept 3.1
House of Wisdom:
An academic center for research and
translation of foreign texts that was
established in Baghdad in 830 by the
Abbasid caliph al Mamun.
Expansion and Intensification of Communication
and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and
expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and
promoted the growth of powerful new
trading cities.
Silk Roads, Trans-Saharan, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Basin
Arabia sits across important trade routes
Cosmopolitan cities like Cordoba, Baghdad, Medina, Mecca, Damascus
C. The growth of interregional trade in
luxury goods was encouraged by
significant innovations in previously
existing transportation and
commercial technologies, including
more sophisticated caravan
organizations; use of the compass,
astrolabe, and larger ship designs in
sea travel; and new forms of credit
and monetization.
D. Commercial growth was also
facilitated by state practices, trading
organizations, and state-sponsored
commercial infrastructures.
E. The expansion of empires facilitated
Trans-Eurasian trade and
communication as new peoples were
drawn into their conquerors’
economies and trade networks.
Refer to Ch.7, silk and spices, gold
Camel caravans over Sahara
New forms of banking, partnerships, business contracts, credit (p439)
Minting of coins, paper money
Tax-free market places
Islam spread into Anatolia, Northern India and Spain by military conquest
Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties
Map p420
And Berbers in Spain
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification
of long-distance trade routes often
depended on environmental
knowledge and technological
adaptations to it.
C. Some migrations and commercial
contacts led to the diffusion of
languages throughout a new region or
the emergence of new languages.
Persian idea of getting water from drilling holes in hills
Papermaking from China
Astronomy, cartography
Irrigation systems ideas from India
Arabic spoken more in Spain after spread of Islam to Spain.
Persian literature
Persian Farsi
Arabic for religion/learning in West Africa
Turkish language when conquering
III. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new,
networks of trade and communication.
A. Development and expansion of
Islam
B. In key places along important trade
routes, merchants set up diasporic
communities where they introduced
their own cultural traditions into the
indigenous culture.
C. The writings of certain interregional
travelers illustrate both the extent and
the limitations of intercultural
knowledge and understanding.
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions
resulted in the diffusion of literary,
artistic, and cultural traditions.
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions
also resulted in the diffusion of
scientific and technological traditions.
Allah becomes one true god out of pantheon of Arab deities. Muhammad is
the messenger of Allah. Quran is holy text. Kaaba. Five Pillars
Sunni vs. Shia
Caliphs, Umayyad and Abbasid
Mecca, Medina is “city of the prophet”
Spread through military and trade
Jihad
Jewish communities in Arabia
Muslims along trade routes
Commercial colony in Canton in China
Ibn Battuta
Mansa Musa going on the hajj/pilgrimage
Persian poetry, Persian language, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Houses of learning, Islam, veiling, Khaldun-historian-trends in world history
over time, whirling dervishes/dancing Sufis,
Ibn Rushd-philosophy, Sikhism
Geometry/algebra, cataract and hernia operations, filling teeth with gold
Medical encyclopedias, canon of medicine, hospitals, clinics
Mapped motion of stars---astronomy
Water from the hills, radius of earth
Papermaking, sulfuric acid
Arabic numerals, measured solar year
Muslims improved Chinese rockets
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the
trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural
techniques were adopted in populated
areas.
B. The spread of epidemic diseases,
including the Black Death, followed
the well-established paths of trade
and military conquest.
To middle east from south and southeast Asia
Rice, sugarcane, sorghum, artichokes, lemon, hard wheat, bananas, limes,
watermelons, coconut palms, spinach, cotton
“Islamic Green Revolution”
p.441 diagnosed
hay fever, diabetes, measles, smallpox, diphtheria, rabies
mercury ointment for scabies
wrote books about this stuff!
Key Concept 3.2
Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and
Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.
B. In some places, new forms of
governance emerged; including those
developed in various Islamic states,
the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and
decentralized government (feudalism)
in Europe and Japan.
C. Some states synthesized local and
borrowed traditions.
Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties
Sultanates=Sultanate of Delhi
Mali=Mansa Musa, Islamic kingdom
Turks in Anatolia, later create Ottoman Empire
II. Interregional contacts and
conflicts between states and
empires encouraged significant
technological and cultural
transfers
Between Tang China and the Abbasids:
Battle of Talas River---Chinese are defeated “crushed” in 751
Paper and gunpowder/rockets
Key Concept 3.3
Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its
Consequences
Islam/Persian traditions
Court ritual, bureaucratic practice
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased
water from hills, Indian irrigation systems
significantly due to technological
innovations.
B. In response to increasing demand in To middle east from south and southeast Asia
Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods,
Rice, sugarcane, sorghum, artichokes, lemon, hard wheat, bananas, limes,
crops were transported from their
watermelons, coconut palms, spinach, cotton
indigenous homelands to equivalent
climates in other regions.
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artists and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export;
industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased
urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Multiple factors contributed to the
declines of urban areas in this period.
Invasion, decline in agricultural productivity, disease
Discrimination of non-Muslims
Mongols
B. Multiple factors contributed to
urban revival.
Trade, rising population, more workers
Houses of learning, acceptance of variety of religions, cosmopolitan attitude,
hospitals and clinics
C. While cities in general continued to
play the roles they had played in the
past as governmental, religious, and
commercial centers, many older cities
declined at the same time that
numerous cities emerged to take on
these established roles.
Cities that are conquered, like Islamic cities in Spain after Reconquista
Mecca, Medina, Baghdad, Damascus, Cordoba
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some
important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and
family life.
A. As in the previous period, there
were many forms of labor
organization.
B. As in the previous period, social
structures were shaped largely by
class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy
persisted; however, in some areas,
women exercised more power and
influence.
D. The diffusion of Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam, and
Neoconfucianism often led to
significant changes in gender relations
and family structure.
Shaykhs and Madrassas and houses of learning (teaching! Best profession
ever!)
Merchants were accepted
Jobs in high positions only for Muslims
Slavery
Christians and Jews although “people of the book” were considered secondclass citizens and had to pay tax/jizya. Discrimination of Christians in some
areas
Patriarchical: honor killings, separate parts of the house, veiling, sometimes no
speaking to men, female infanticide forbidden, women had control of own
property, some right to inherit, no multiple husbands, no marriage by capture
In Islam: men and women equal in faith
Islam: veiling, honor killing (not just in Islam, but will spread as it spreads)
Mullahs
Quran states men and women are equal in faith.