• Read pgs. 22-26 in your HOA textbook and answer the following:
1. How did the Enlightenment influence colonists? Give examples!
2. How did the French-Indian War impact the 13 colonies?
3. What was the Proclamation of 1763? How did this increase British
resentment?
4. Explain three British taxation laws and how they infuriated the
colonists.
5. What was the First Continental Congress?
6. THINKER: What is an annotation? What is the purpose of
annotating a text? How do you annotate something?
• To start, annotating calls for the reader to review a source.
• The purpose of annotating is to give an idea of what information is
being presented in a source.
• When done correctly, an annotation lets you know the summary,
what is useful, important points, etc. It also shows Ms. Bruggeman
how well you’ve understood/read the topic.
• Look at annotating as a method of summarizing a source…. Include
only main points and NOT a lot of detail.
• You may also include personal/content links in your annotations –
what is going to make it easier to understand?
• Should do this throughout the source!
• For homework, you will read chapter 3 - “Declaring Independence” from the
textbook, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection.
• This textbook is used to teach the approaches of historical study. Specific themes
include how to……
• Select evidence that is valuable
• Analyze primary/secondary sources
• Evaluate the limitations/biases of a source
• Interpret and question different perspectives
• Understand the context of an event through a document
• These are all skills you must demonstrate for IB! Time to be a historian!
• For Monday…. Read pgs. 49-58 and ANNOTATE in the margins. Since this is your
first time annotating in history, I have provided general guidelines.
• Do NOT read past 58….we will pick up here Monday.
BELLWORK (9/14)
1. How did England view their American colonies?
What were they used for?
2. Analyze the phrase “no taxation without
representation.” What does it mean for the
colonists? Why would this be a cause of revolution?
3. Summarize the three major parts of the Declaration
of Independence. (pgs 57-58)
4. THINKER: How should students approach document
analysis? What should be considered?
The American Revolution
The 13 colonies demand
independence!
Causes of the American Revolution
• Enlightenment Ideas
– Separation of powers, democracy, social contract,
inalienable rights
• High taxation
– Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Navigation Acts, Tea Act
• Harsh laws to restrict the rights of colonists
– Quartering Act, Proclamation of 1763, Declaratory Act
• “No taxation without representation!”
– No colonial representation in Parliament
– Tyranny! The King is “unfit to rule a free people”
Colonial Protests
• Colonists protested with a
boycott: refusal to buy British
goods.
• In your opinion, is a boycott an
effective form of protest?
• Attacked the stamp act by
burning stamps in the streets:
“NO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION!”
BELLWORK: Poem Analysis
• Read “A Revolutionary Poem”
and respond to the following:
1. In whose favor was this poem
written – Patriot (colonist) or
Tory (British)? You must cite at
least FOUR examples from
within the poem as evidence!
2. THINKER: Is a poem a valuable
source? Why or why not? What
would limit the source?
Unrest in Boston
• In order to enforce new laws, Britain sent soldiers
to the new colonies.
• Boston became the center of conflict between the
colonists (Patriots/Rebels) and British
(Tories/Loyalists)
• Boston Massacre: On March 5, 1770, a squad of
British soldiers were harassed by a Boston crowd,
eventually leading to gunfire and five deaths.
Why did the colonists refer to this as a “massacre?”
Unrest in Boston
• Britain responded by
implementing the
Tea Act (1773)
• Boston Tea Party:
colonists snuck onto
tea ships and
dumped the chests
of tea into the
harbor. (12/16/1773)
• Britain responded by
passing the
“Intolerable Acts”
“The Destruction of Tea at Boston
Harbor” by: Nathan Currier, 1846
Continental Congresses
• On September 5, 1774, 56 delegates met in
Philadelphia to unite against Britain.
• The Congress, argued that they should have the
right to make laws in the colonies and gave
England a chance to compromise.
• The King refused and in April 1775, the first shots
of the war were fired!
• Led to the Second Continental Congress in May
1776
“The Shot Heard Around the World”
Second Continental Congress
• Congress tried one last time to compromise with Great
Britain……..Britain refused
• Organized an army under George Washington.
• Discussed military strategy.
• Began drafting the United States Declaration of
Independence
• Congress acted as the first legitimate American
government.
Declaration of Independence
• Congress appointed the Committee of Five to write a
statement of common action & aims for the thirteen
colonies.
– The committee included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert
Livingston, Roger Sherman, and the main author…..Thomas
Jefferson
• After the Congress re-convened July 1st, they decided to
officially declare independence.
• Document signed on July 4, 1776 & stated the thirteen
American colonies were now independent states.
• The colonies were already at war with Great Britain and
declared they were no longer part of the British Empire.
The Committee of Five
Sherman, Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, Livingston
Roger Sherman:
justice of the
Superior Court
of CT & member
of Congress
Benjamin
Franklin: first
U.S.
ambassador
to France;
delegate from
PA
Thomas
Jefferson:
served in
Congress
representing
VA; primary
author
John Adams:
lawyer &
public figure in
Boston;
representative
from MA
Robert
Livingston: the
first Chancellor
of NYC, the
highest judicial
officer in the
state
• "Yes, we must,
indeed, all hang
together, or most
assuredly we shall all
hang separately."
– Benjamin Franklin at the
signing of the Declaration
of Independence; 1776
“The Declaration of Independence” by: John Trumbull
Robert Livingston is depicted in the center of the Committee of Five presenting the draft
Declaration to the Second Continental Congress. The five prominent figures depicted are,
from left to right, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Livingston, Thomas Jefferson and
Benjamin Franklin.
Declaration of Independence
•
1.
This important document is divided into three parts:
Statement of purpose
o Announced separation from Great Britain
2. Causes/Reasons for independence
o
Theoretical justifications: equality, no tyranny, inalienable
rights
o
Grievances: specific acts/laws implemented by the King that
justify colonial revolution (taxation, quartering, abuse of
power, lack of representation, etc.)
3. Conclusion
o Colonial response – willing to sacrifice their lives for freedom
o Announce total unity and final dissolution of monarch rule
Continue reading “Declaring
Independence” and annotating! Due
Thursday!
Focus the rest of your annotations on
methods used by historians to analyze
the DofI and limitations of the source.
BELLWORK 9/17
1. How does the declaration made by the Stamp Act Congress
differ from the Declaration of Independence?
2. Why would analysis of the Stamp Act Congress help us
better understand the DoI?
3. How does understanding the intellectual world from which a
document was created help us understand the document
itself? Give examples from TJ and the DoI. (pgs.61-62)
4. Why is analyzing what a document left out just as important
as what the document included?
5. How does the DoI approach the issue of slavery? How did
this differ from Jefferson’s previous drafts/views?
Tactics of Document Analysis
• Understand background/origin of the document
– Message, when it was written, disputes over timeline
• Place in context of historical events
– Congress in the middle of waging war, deal with troops, British fleet approaching
• Determine viewpoint it was written from
– What influenced Jefferson (local declarations, Stamp Act Congress,
Enlightenment philosophers)
• Analyze circumstances under which it was created
– What was Jefferson thinking about at the time? (VA Constitution)
• Analyze what the document left out and why
– References to Parliament, slavery, women
• Reconstruct the language and intellect behind the words
– “Pursuit of Happiness” & “all men created equal”
Treaty of Paris
• September 3, 1783
• Acknowledged the 13
colonies as a free and
independent country –
United States of America
• American territory
expanded to Mississippi
River
• Prisoners of War were
returned
American Revolution Video
• The attitudes of the English and many colonists of the
1770’s thought there was no way America would win the
Revolutionary War.
• America had few soldiers, old weapons, and no money.
• England had the strongest army and navy in the world.
• So how did England lose the American Revolution?
• Reasons for colonial victory are the focus of the video:
America the Story of Us – Revolution.
Why were the 13 colonies
victorious?
Leadership!
• George Washington
– General; military
strategy; morale
• Marquis de
Lafayette
– Major-General of
French troops
– Blocked British troops
at Yorktown
– Encouraged France to
increase support & aide
“Washington Crossing the
Delaware” Emmanuel Leutze
Washington and Lafayette at Valley
Forge
Lafayette Court House, IN
Lafayette Fountain, GA
Lafayette Monument, D.C.
Foreign Aid!
• After the Battle of
Saratoga, France
aligned with the
Patriots
• The Netherlands &
Spain also
contribute
• Their navies
prevent a British
blockade
Military Strengths!
• New weapons
• Use of terrain
• Guerrilla Warfare
Morale!
• Colonists were fighting for their lives and
freedom….. The Red Coats just followed
orders from the King
• More of a desire to win