1. Themes: 1920’s common themes• Return to normalcy • US turned inward---isolationism • Jazz Age • first modern era in the U.S. • change from a rural society to an urban. 2. Cultural clashes in US Traditional America vs. Modern America Hostility towards un-American ideas Why? Feared communism……..Red Scare Rise of KKK Immigration restriction/Antiimmigrant feelings Sacco and Vanzetti Scopes Trial---evolution vs. creation Liberated woman vs. traditional Flappers Margaret Sanger----Birth control African Americans move to the cities led to race riots in some cases Americans violate Prohibition 18th Amendment Volstead Act 3. Revolution in styles and technologies. electricity, radio, automobile, mass media Fads---new dances, music & clothing 4. American heroes: Babe Ruth and Charles Lindbergh 5. Presidents during the 1920’s Conservative Republicans Supported laissez faire Warren Harding 1921 to 1923 Calvin Coolidge 1921 to 1929 6. Foreign policy during the 1920’s and early 30s- Isolationism the general trend The New Era of the 1920s Consumerism flourishes because of credit, advertising, and economic (GNP) growth US Government fosters business growth Entertainment grows further as big business Technology and middle class expand New attitudes and uses of time emerge, but some oppose modern changes (reactionary) Decade ends with economic collapse The Economy & Big Business Decline, 1920–21 (drop in war production) Electricity spurs recovery and growth (1922–29) with new goods for factory and for home Installment plans stimulate consumption Consolidation continues; oligopolies control production, marketing, distribution, finance US Steel and General Electric dominate their respective industries Business Lobbying; Fate of Labor Unions & Farmers Business and professional organizations lobby government as special-interest groups US Government lowers taxes on wealthy and corporations, raises tariffs, eases regulation Supreme Court voids minimum-wage laws and restrictions on child labor, restricts strikes Farmers suffer rising debt because of falling prices (overproduction/foreign competition) The Second Industrial Revolution U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world The twenties and the second revolution electricity replaces steam Henry Ford’s modern assembly line introduced Rise of the airline industry Modern appliances and conveniences begin to change American society The Automobile Industry Auto makers stimulate sales through model changes, advertising Auto industry fostered the growth of other businesses Autos encourage movement and more individual freedom. Glenwood Stove and Washing Machine •Beginning of the Jazz Age in New York City •Acceptance of African American culture •African American literature and music J A Z Z Migration to Cities; The Great Migration Majority of Americans are urban by 1920; during 1920s, 6 million more leave farms Great Migration of blacks to urban north accelerates (1.5 million leave South, 1920s) Discrimination and violence in North results in black movements for racial independence Garvey (UNIA) attracts large following with demands for black pride and separatism IKA Imperial Klans of America Revived Ku Klux Klan (1915– 1925) Recruits 5 million men and women (1923) by emphasizing native, white, Protestant supremacy; opposes other races and religions Expands from rural South to new cities, claims new immigrants mongrelize US Continues earlier terror tactics and mystical rituals; declines after rape scandal (1925) Reflects pervasive intolerance of 1920s Rise of the KKK was due to challenges to traditional America. 1925: Membership of 5 million 1926: Marched on Washington. Attack on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural values Against immigrants from Southern Europe, European Jews, Catholics and American Blacks Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and gaining control in local/state government. Violence, internal corruption result in Klan’s significant decline by 1930 but will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s. •The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the U.S. •Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924 • Kept out immigrants from southeastern Europe. •The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the U.S. •Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910. •Immigration Act of 1924, the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America. Cartoon from 1919: “Put them out and keep them out” •Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. •The trial lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. •In this time period, anti-foreignism was high as well. •Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they would be executed. Immigration Quotas; Sacco & Vanzetti Case Nativists succeed in reducing total numbers of immigrants, especially new immigrants 1921, 1924, and 1929 Acts set up yearly quotas favoring immigrants from north/west Europe over those from south/east Europe Immigration shifts to Western Hemisphere Trial/execution of Italian anarchists reflects anti-immigrant bias and anti-radicalism (MA) •Goal: was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol. •Called the "Noble Experiment" •Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry. •The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted for thirteen years. •So was born the industry of bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin. •No other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people. •Overnight, many became criminals. •Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy. •Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone. Al Capone Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era. Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the “bootlegging” industry. Elliot Ness, part of the Untouchables Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation. “Prohibition is an awful flop. We like it. It can't stop what it's meant to stop. We like it. It's left a trail of graft and slime, It's filled our land with vice and crime, It can't prohibit worth a dime, Nevertheless we're for it.” Franklin Pierce Adams, New York World “It is impossible to stop liquor trickling through a dotted line” A Prohibition agent “Flappers” sought individual freedom Ongoing crusade for equal rights Most women remain in the “cult of domesticity” sphere Discovery of adolescence Teenaged children no longer needed to work and indulged their craving for excitement The Playful flapper here we see, The fairest of the fair. She's not what Grandma used to be, You might say, au contraire. Her girlish ways may make a stir, Her manners cause a scene, But there is no more harm in her Than in a submarine. She nightly knocks for many a goal The usual dancing men. Her speed is great, but her control Is something else again. All spotlights focus on her pranks. All tongues her prowess herald. For which she well may render thanks To God and Scott Fitzgerald. Her golden rule is plain enough Just get them young and treat them rough. by Dorothy Parker Fundamentalism; Scopes Trial (1925) Evangelical Protestant denominations grow Advocate literal interpretation of Bible; reject materialism, science, and “modernism” Darrow and Bryan debate TN’s ban on teaching evolution; other states follow TN Pentecostal churches also expand in cities KKK, nativism, and religion reflect attempts to sustain traditional values in new era 1925 The first major conflict between religion vs. science being taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee. John T. Scopes Respected high school biology teacher arrested in Dayton, Tennessee for teaching Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Clarence Darrow William J. Bryan Sec. of State for Famous trial President lawyer who Wilson, ran for represented president three Scopes times, turned evangelical leader. Represented the prosecution. Dayton, Tennessee Small town in the south became protective against the encroachment of modern times and secular teachings. The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The people of Dayton are seen as ‘backward’ by the country. The right to teach and protect Biblical teachings in schools. The acceptance of science and that all species have evolved from lower forms of beings over billions of years. Advertising; Radio Increases demand for new products/services through use of psychology and celebrities Radio emerges as key advertising medium US Gov’t rejects public funding of radio Programming focuses on entertainment Many workers able to purchase goods only by using credit or by working extra jobs Indoor plumbing spreads to urban workers •Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting. •Transmitted 100 watts on a wavelength of 360 meters. •KDKA first broadcast was the Harding-Cox Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920. •220 stations eighteen months after KDKA took the plunge. •$50 to $150 for first radios •3,000,000 homes had them by 1922. •Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60 million in 1922… • $136 million in 1923 •$852 million in 1929 •Radio reached into every third home in its first decade. •Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925 Expansion of Consumer Society Purchasing power increases for many (cost of living is stable, while earnings increase) By 1929, 2/3 of all homes have electricity Automobiles are the vanguard of expanding materialism, even some workers purchase one Cars alter US life with emerging network of government-sponsored roads and highways Harding (1921–1923) & Coolidge (1923–1929) Republican presidents (1921–1933) symbolize goodwill toward business Spoils system and scandals (Teapot Dome) undermine Harding’s administration Anti-union Coolidge lowers taxes, begins US highway system, vetoes farm assistance In 1924 election, both major candidates are pro-business; Progressives fail to revive reform The 1920 Election The 1920 Election Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote Republican Warren Harding Many in the US turned inward and feared foreign influences. The 1924 Election Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929. “Silent Cal”. Republican president REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS………. + Lower Taxes + Less Federal Spending = $ Higher Tariffs Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923 Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930 raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!! Strong National Economy • Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny •Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. •Fall found guilty of taking a bribe. •Sinclair and Doheny were acquitted of charges. Reform; Indian Affairs; Women & Politics State and local reforms (workers’ compensation, old-age pensions, aid to poor, and housing codes) Indians suffer neglect by US Gov’t (ignores groups that try to help Indians regain land) Female groups devise tactics (publicity) to lobby for help to working women (LWV) Pursuit of different goals fragments women (LWV v. feminist National Women’s Party) Employment for Women Number in workforces continues to increase 10.8 million working women (1930) Segregated in jobs (clerical); receive low pay Most female workers are single, but 3.1 million wives work (1930) to help with consumption Many African, Japanese, and Mexican American wives work as domestics or rural laborers to help their families survive The New Woman “Flappers” remake image of femininity with stress on personal freedom and sexuality Few actually become flappers, but dress styles change and some assert independence New habits spark move to reassert traditions Mexicans & Puerto Ricans; Growth of Suburbs Most Mexicans work as agrarian laborers in southwest, but many move to cities Puerto Ricans migrate to northern cities (especially NYC) and form barrios Prosperity and cars fuel suburban expansion Middle and upper classes flee urban problems and resist annexation by cities Cities and suburbs are centers of consumer culture New Rhythms of Everyday Life Apportion time into work, family, and leisure Proportion changes as time at work drops for many and people have fewer children Appliances ease some household tasks, but also make wives into household managers Improved nutrition and sanitation increase life expectancy (60 years by 1930 from 54 years in 1920) for most, but not all people Older Americans & Retirement; Social Values More people living past age 60 and forced retirements increase poverty among elderly Europeans create pensions in early 1900s, but US leaders reject these as socialistic Many states in 1920s adopt pensions and retirement homes to reduce elderly poverty New values emerge with consumption and peer groups: self-expression via clothing, etc. Age of Play Commercial entertainment expands Middle class participates in fads (mahjong, crossword puzzles, dance crazes, etc.) Spectator recreations (movies, sports) boom Motion pictures emerge as a leading US industry, especially with sound and color (late 1920s) To appeal to a mass audience, movies make escapist spectacles, dramas, and comedies Sports Heroes; Movie Stars; Prohibition Professional baseball blossoms; media glorifies its suspense and unpredictability Ruth symbolizes heroes of 1920s: unique individuals in a mass industrial society Compare/contrast Valentino and Lindbergh After 1925, prohibition breaks down as more people break law; criminal groups (Capone) supply public demand for alcohol Cultural Currents Writers and artists critique era’s materialism and conformity; express disillusionment Hemingway, Faulkner, Fitzgerald, etc. African Americans celebrate black culture and explore identity in Harlem Renaissance Rooted in black culture, jazz becomes popular; gives African American musicians (Armstrong) a place in consumer culture The Election of 1928 & the End of the New Era Hoover (Republican) wins, but Smith increases Democratic strength among urban ethnics Hoover campaigns on continued prosperity As president (1929–33), Hoover continues his past efforts to promote business growth Stock prices drop with panic selling (Oct. 1929) Crash helps unleash devastating depression Declining Demand Several interrelated factors cause depression Sales in growth industries (autos, electric appliances, housing) stagnate in late 1920s Underconsumption: neither farmers nor workers earn enough to preserve demand Widening income gap contributes to problem: income of rich skyrockets, but only modest gains for middle/lower classes Corporate Debt; Speculation on Stock Market Businesses took out large loans to pursue expansion; when sales drop, defaults occur Corporations, individuals, and banks engage in risky purchase of stocks “on margin” When stock prices decline, many brokers, banks, investors, and businesses face ruin Growing US stock investments (late 1920s) hamper US-European economic links International Economy; Federal Policies In WWI, US banks loaned billions to Europe, but high tariffs prevent Europeans from selling in US to pay back loans Allies/Germany depend on continued US loans until late 1920s; then begin to default Global trade in goods/money collapses US Government does not regulate wild stock market; prefers US-business cooperation