3Rs – International Perspective
Dr. Prasad Modak
Executive President Environmental
Management Centre LLP, India
Mulund, Mumbai Dumping Ground 2000
Mulund, Mumbai Dumping Ground 2012
Reduce !! Taming consumption
• Twenty top cities in India accounted
for 60% of the surplus income.
• Annual household income growth in
these 20 cities averaged at 11.2%
between 2005-08.
• Spending gets a 52% boost as house
holds move into the middle class
• Requires major awareness programm
es, Life cycle considerations, Green
Public Procurement
Picture source: http://revista-amauta.org/2009/07/consumption-the-root-cause-of-climate-change/
Newer Waste Streams – E-Waste
• In 2005, 20 to 50 million tonnes of e-waste were
generated worldwide
• By 2020, e-waste from used computers in emerging
economies like South Africa, China and India will ha
ve increased by 200-500% over 2007 levels
• E-wastes contain metals such as mercury, cadmium
and lead, that may leach into the environment and
pose a health hazard to human beings, unless
handled with care.
• Informal sector workers are engaged in dismantling
used electrical and electronic equipment in order to
recover metals, plastics and other materials for
recycling, often without proper protection, exposing
them to severe health risks
Source: UNEP (2005). E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipment’s manufacturing and use,
Environmental Alert Bulletin,
http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/download/ew_ewaste.en.pdf
Newer Waste Streams – C&D and EoLV
• About 10-15 % of waste generat
ed in developed countries is due
to construction and demolition a
ctivity
• Discarded vehicles generated in
Germany, UK, France, Spain and
Italy are responsible for approxi
mately 7-5 % of waste generate
d in the EU-25.
Source: Bournay E. (2006). Vital waste graphic 2, Volume 2, Basel Convention, UNEP and GRIDArendal, Second edition, http://www.grida.no/_res/site/File/publications/vitalwaste2/VWG2_p32and33.pdf
Eurostat (2010). End-of-life vehicles (ELVs), Reuse and Recovery rate, last updated on
16.04.2010,
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/waste/data/wastestreams/elvs
Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources”
Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes
Link between “waste” and “resource” is not well understood
Type of
waste
Recycled
products
Recycling potential
Biomass
Composts
Future of compost depends on its environmental and
agronomic quality and the dynamism of its market.
Paper and cardboard
Recovered paper
(recycled paper)
Increasing demand in Asia, particularly in PRC.
Plastics
Recovered plastics
Increasingly stringent regulations and growing demand for
recovered plastics in Asia, favoring development and
internationalization of this market.
Cost of collection system and volatile prices are limiting
factors.
Ferrous
Metals
Steel
In 2004, world production of scrap metal rose to 450Mt and
consumption reached 405.5Mt. Can be recovered from MSW,
construction waste, etc.
E-wastes
Recoverable
materials
Estimated that 10million computers contain 135,000 metric
tons of recoverable materials, such as base metals, silicon,
glass, plastic, and precious metals.
Source: Adapted from ADB and IGES (2008). Toward Resource-Efficient Economics in Asia and the
Pacific: Reduce Reuse Recycle, Asian Development Bank, Manila
Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources”
Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes
Valuable Metals That Could be Recovered from a Mobile Phone
ferrite
Nd
Ag, Pd, Ti, Ba, Pb, Ni, Zr
Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb
Cu
In, Sn
Cu, Ni,Au
Cu, SiO2, (Br)
Pb, Sn
Si, Cu, Ni
Ta, Ag, Mn
Au, Ag, Cu, Si
Sb
Ag
Au
Fe, Ni, Cr, Au
Source: http://www.coden.jp/rare-metal/use.html
Quantity of Non-ferrous
Metals Included in One Mobile
Phone (Unit: g)
Gold
0.028
Silver
0.189
Copper
13.71
Palladium
0.014
Source:
http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/events/bbl/05060701.html
Example of effective utilization of waste and
byproduct leveraging a cement factory
Automobile
自動車業界
industry
Waste tire, molding sand
廃タイヤ、鋳物砂
Steel
鉄鋼業界
industry
高炉スラグ、製鋼スラグ
steelmaking slag
Paper
製紙業界
製紙汚泥、焼却灰
incineration ash
Sewage sludge,
下水汚泥、浄水汚泥
water
purification
sludge
Municipal
waste
都市ごみ焼却灰
incineration ash
塗料残留物
Paint residue
Blast-furnace slag,
Distilled liquor residue,
蒸留酒残渣、廃ガラス
waste
glass
Fly ash
集塵灰
Paper-making sludge,
industry
Cement
factory
Meat
and bone meal,
肉骨粉、プラスチック
plastic
Soil put out in
建設発生土
construction
建設廃材 and
Construction
demolition waste
Local
government
地方自治体
Food
industry
食品業界
Construction
建設業界
industry
Coal ash,
Electricity
電力業界
industry
石炭灰、排煙脱硫石こう
flue-gas gypsum
Waste disposal
廃棄物処理業界
industry
焼却灰、廃プラスチック
waste plastic
Housing
industry
住宅業界
Waste
oil, waste catalyst
廃油、廃触媒
汚泥
Sludge
Incineration ash,
Refining
精錬業界
industry
セメント工場
Waste solvent,
廃溶剤、廃触媒
waste
catalyst
廃プラスチック
Waste
plastic
非鉄鉱さい
Nonferrous slag
Incineration ash,
waste
solvent
焼却灰、廃溶剤
Chemical
化学業界
industry
Printing
industry
印刷業界
廃プラスチック
Waste
plastic
Waste tatami mat
古畳
Petroleum
石油業界
industry
廃プラスチック
Waste
plastic
Agriculture
農業
Source: Adapted from Sameshima (2009), presented at the Inaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia in November 2009 in Tokyo.
Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources”
Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes
Resource efficiency and circular economy
The Closed Loop Economy
By reducing production of wastes, and by maximising the use of reusable and
recyclable materials, a city can achieve greater resource efficiency
• Closed-Loop Economy
• Recycle Based Society
• Sound Material-Cycle
Society
• Green Growth and
Circular Economy
Source: ADB and IGES (2008). Toward Resource-Efficient Economics in Asia and the Pacific: Reduce Reuse Recycle. Asian Development Bank, Manila
PPP Model for Centralized Community
Based Composting in Dhaka
PPP MODEL: CASE FOR COMMUNITY BASED COMPOSTING IN BANGLADESH
Donor
WC provides technical
support and facilitation
for community based
SWM and composting
Providing Seed
Money
Coordinating the
Program
MoEF
Waste Concern
DCC & PWD
Providing
Land and
other
logistics
WC
ensures the
quality of
compost
Private Fertilizer
Communities
Fertilizer
companies buy
all the
compost
Communities
participate in door-todoor waste collection
program & contribute
towards its cost.
Companies.
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
COMMUNITY
Other Related Examples from the World
Methane Capture in Gorai Dump,
Mumbai
• Closure of 25-year-old dumping
ground and development of landfill
gas recovery at the Gorai creek in
Borivli has earned the BMC, the city
authority of Mumbai, India US$ 5.7
million by trading of an estimated
31,000 CERs a year
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB)
has been purchasing the carbon
credits from the civic body as per
market prices when the trading takes
place
• City’s Gorai dumping ground closure
and landfill gas project can be seen
as a forerunner in dumpsite methane
capture projects.
Wongpanich Private Waste Recycling,
Thailand: South- South TT
● Recognized as a model for recycling business in
Thailand and neighboring countries
● Provides important benefits such as
− poverty reduction
− create job opportunities
− market value for waste
− educate people
Wongpanich Waste Recycling
− and increase awareness within community Factory, Thailand
Factory Building
Storage of Separated &
Cleaned Plastic Containers
Recyclable transportation
Wongpanich Low Cost Technology
Plastic Scrap Management
Zinc/Zinc Can Management
Wongpanich Low Cost Technology
Aluminum Management
Glass Bottle/Glass scrap Management
Resource recovery – recycling rates
Minimu
m
%
Highincome
Middleincome
Lowincome
Maximu Average
m
%
%
30
72
54
6
39
22
6
85
27
Resource recovery - formal vs informal
Highincome
Middleincome
Lowincome
Average
%
Formal
%
Informal
%
54
54
0
22
8
13
27
3
24
Quezon City, Philippines
10 year increase in recycling
Year
Total
IWBs
1997
6%
4%
2006
25%
16%
2009
37%
24%
•
Started with ‘Linis Ganda’
Linkages across supply chain
Recognition & respectability
 uniforms, ID, access
 politically connected
Organise co-operatives
Facilitate affordable credit
Photo credits: Embassy of Japan in the
Philippines;
Government of the Philippines, 2006
Muncipality supports informal collectors of recyclables
in Lima, Peru
City of Diadema, Brazil contracts the informal sector
to collect recyclables
• Brazilian President Lula
shows his support to the
informal sector and enco
urages decision makers t
o recognise their value a
nd use their professional
expertise (2005)
PPPs in Reuse, Recycling, Composting 2010
Decentralized Integrated Eco-system
Weigh bridge
Inert Storage
Sorting
Organic
storage
Biomethanation or
Composting
plants
Waste
Generators/
Waste Sorting
Centre
Innovation centre
Waste Sorting Centres
Street
lights
Material
Recovery
Centre
Gardens
Methane gas for street lights
and to fuel transport vehicles
Processed materials for users
Compost to gardens
4R Policy & 4E Goal
Zero
Waste
Reduce → Reuse → Recycle →
Recovery
CO2
Reduction
Reduce
Reuse
CO2 emission reduction and ‘Zero
Waste’ by converting 3R to 4R
Recycle
Energy Recovery
Safe Treatment
A new paradigm covering energy and employment along with
economy and the environment
Energy
Environment
Economy
Environment
Economy
Employ
9
①Energy-efficient
Production, Distribution, Consumption
Natural Resources
Volume based waste fee system
Nature
Reduce the use of disposable items
Waste
and packaging
Materials
Recyclable
Resources
Waste charge system
④Advanced treatment
for pollution prevention
②Material recycling
to reduce raw materials
Online waste disposal verification system
Promote the recycling of construction
(Allbaro)
wastes and used metal scrap
Asbestos disposal measures
EPR system(24 items)
Follow-up management performance
Eco-Assurance system for WEEE and
deposit for waste disposal facility
vehicles
③Energy recovery
from waste resources
WtE and biomass
Eco-energy complex towns
Low-carbon green villages
환경부 자원순환국
10
Sudokwon Eco-Energy Complex Town
Construction Waste-to-Fuel
(4,000ton/day)
Testing complex
Organic Waste-to-Biogas
(1,500ton/day)
Other energy plants
Sludge-to-Solid Fuel
(2,700ton/day)
Combustible WtE plant
(2,000ton/day)
RDF-dedicated Boiler
(600ton/day)
Sludge solidification plant
(1,000ton/day, Dec. 2008)
RDF plant
(200ton/day, Apr. 2010)
21
Landfill Gas Recovery Project
“GHG Reduction Effect”
“Oil Substitution Effect”
“Economic Benefits”
22
The 1st National Resource Recirculation Master Plan(2011~2015)
Direction for master plan on national resource
recirculation
Set new targets
○ Resources productivity
○ Resources recirculation
ratio
Impose sector-specific roles
and tasks
○ Establish sector-specific
roles and tasks
○ Sector-specific policy task at
○ Reduction of ultimate
the stage of production,
disposal
transaction, consumption,
and disposal
Implementation and
assessment
○ Reduce the ultimate volume
of disposal and set recycling
goals for individual industry
and product
○ Create yearly
implementation plans,
execute and evaluate the
achievements
Future Plan
Discussion on each task via forum(2010)
- (Topic) the influence of master plan on resource recirculation and correlation to the relevant plans
- Developing the new index for improving resource recirculation
- Optimizing measures on the investment in national waste treatment facilities
- Maintaining the proper level of material recycling and waste to energy
25
Urban Metabolism and Flows
CITIES
source: Mathews et al. (2000) The Weight of Nations: material outflows from industrial economies. World Resources Institute, Washington DC: pg. 14
Policy making decision tool:
design tool for community leaders, city officials and others
Key Points
• Decentralized & Participatory Solutions
• 3R Policy Framework
• Business Models
• Waste-Resource Flows - Metabolism