Edgar Allan Poe, from The Raven Rita Dove , from “Adolescence - III” - Robert Frost, from “Mending Wall” -Edgar Allan Poe, from “The Raven” - Emily Dickinson, from “‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers - - Luis Rodriguez, from “Tia Chucha” - Walt Whitman, from “I Hear America Singing” - W. H. Auden - Washington Irving, from “The Devil and Tom Walker” - Edgar Allan Poe, from “The Raven” Contrast between what is expected to happened and what actually does happen, as in the poem “Richard Cory,” when a gentleman who is admired and envied commits suicide Readers know more about a character in a story than the characters do. In Flannery O’Conner’s “The Life You Save May Be Your Own,” for example, readers find out that Mr. Shiftlet is a scoundrel before the other characters do. Occurs when someone says one thing and means another, as in the title of Stephen Crane’s poem “Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War is Kind.” A literary element (or element of literature) is an individual aspect or characteristic of a whole work of literature. Saturday - Washington Irving, from “The Devil and Tom Walker” Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” and Dudley Randall’s “Ballad of Birmingham”