CELL STRUCTURE
& FUNCTION
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
What is the Cell Theory &
Who Developed It?
•
The cell theory was developed through the
efforts of several scientists, most notably
Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) and
Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881).
• The cell theory states that:
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. All cells come from preexisting cells (other
living cells of the same kind).
3. Cells are the basic unit of life.
MORE SCIENTISTS
Who was the 1st to view cells?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Who is responsible for naming cells?
Robert Hooke
What are the 3 basic parts of a cell?
1. Plasma Membrane: thin
flexible boundary
surrounding the cell.
2. Genetic Material: the area
of the cell where the DNA is
stored (usually nucleus). It
regulates cellular activities.
3. Cytoplasm: watery, jelly-like
part of the cell between cell
membrane and genetic
material. Contains
organelles (little organs) for
carrying out cellular
functions.
GENETIC
MATERIAL
Can you relate the cell’s structures and
functions?
• Let’s use a school to model a cell.
• The cell is the school.
• The organelles (small specialized subunits located in
the cytoplasm) are the different places within the
school that keep the school running.
• The nucleus is the administrative office where the
administrators make all of the decisions.
• The exterior walls of the school is the cell membrane.
It separates the entire school from the outside world.
• The school produces academic achievement; the cell
produces proteins and lipids.
Checkpoint!
Short Answer
• Q: What are the 3 basic parts of a cell?
• A: Genetic Material, Cytoplasm, & Plasma Membrane
• Q: Which of the 3 parts represents DNA?
• A: Genetic Material
• Q: If the cell was a school, the nucleus (genetic
material) would be represented by what?
• A: Administrative Office
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
What are the differences/similarities
between the two basic types of cells?
Pro-no;
karyote=nucleus
•No true
nucleus
•Genetic
material is not
surrounded by
membrane
•No membranebound
organelles
Eu-true;
karyote=nucleus
•
Plasma
membrane
•
Cytoplasm
•
Genetic
Material
•True nucleus with
genetic material
that is surrounded
by a membrane
•True organelles
have membranes
surrounding them
Prokaryotic
• One-celled
organisms, Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
Plant
Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
What are the structural similarities and
differences between the 2 types of
eukaryotic cells?
Cell membrane
Golgi Bodies
Cell Wall
Microfilaments &
Microtubules
Cilia or
Chloroplast
ER
Flagella
Large Vacuole
Nucleolus/Nucleus
Ribosomes
Small Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Relatively Larger in Size
Regular Shape
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Relatively Smaller in Size
Irregular Shape
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
“Typical” Animal Cell
nucleolus
vacuole
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Checkpoint!
Short Answer
• Q: Which type of cell evolved first?
• A: Prokaryotic
• Q: What does a Eukaryotic cell have that a
Prokaryotic cell does not?
• A: True Nucleus & Organelles
• Q: What does a plant cell have that an animal cell
does not?
• A: Cell wall, Chloroplast, & Large Vacuole
ORGANELLES
NAME
DESCRIPTION
Cell Wall
(plants only)
Rigid membrane around plant cell; made of
cellulose and provides shape and support
Vacuoles
Spherical storage sac for food and water
Cell Membrane
Membrane surrounding the cell that allows some
molecules to pass through
Golgi Bodies
Flattened membrane sacs for synthesis,
packaging, and distribution
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped double membranous structures
where cellular respiration takes place (Energy
Source)
Microfilaments &
Microtubules
Fibers and tubes of protein that help move
internal cell parts (cytoskeleton)
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Folded membranes having areas with and
without ribosomes used for transport of RNA and
proteins (Maybe Smooth or Rough)
ORGANELLES
NAME
DESCRIPTION
Nucleolus
Dense body in the nucleus; site of ribosome
production (RNA is found here)
Nucleus
Control center of the cell; location of hereditary
information has a double membrane that is small
holes (DNA is found here)
Ribosomes
Structures that manufacture proteins found on
endoplasmic reticulum and floating in the cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Spherical sac containing enzymes for digestive
functions (cleans up the cell and worn out cell parts)
Cilia
(animal cell only)
Short, hair-like extensions on the surface of some
cells used for movement and food gathering
Flagella
(animal cell only)
Long, whip-like extension on the surface of some
cells used for movement
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance in the cell around nucleus and
organelles (holds organelles in place)
YOU BE THE EXPERT!
• Join a Group (4 to a group)
• Each group member will select a cell
structure/organelle (do not select cell
membrane, cell wall, or cytoplasm)
• Use copy paper to create a frayer model for an
organelle
• See Rubric
• Be Creative! Be Ready to Present!
Note: You May Use Your Notes or Textbook
kstacker.yolasite.com
OUTRAGEOUS CELL ORGANIZER
Accuracy 5 PTS
20 PTS
20 PTS
Neatness 5 PTS
5 PTS
Color 5 PTS
20 PTS
20 PTS
Eukaryotic
Plant
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Animal
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement in
and out of the cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• The control center of the cell that directs cell
activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material
to enter and leave
nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around in
cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the
cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html