DO NOW!! 
What is the difference between an
autotroph and a heterotroph?
Why do plants need sunlight?
What gases are exchanged between
plants and animals?
Overview Of Photosynthesis
Objectives
To be able to list the inputs and
outputs of photosynthesis.
To be able to identify the structures
in a chloroplast.
To be able to summarize lightdependent reactions.
Video intro
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eo5XndJaz-Y
Photosynthesis
Process of converting light energy to chemical
energy!!
Used by autotrophs to produce food
All of our energy starts as light energy!
Plants use sunlight to make food animals
eat plants other animals eat those animals
Photosynthetic Organisms
 Go through Photosynthesis to produce GLUCOSE…
 Autotrophs
 “Producers” in the food web
 Consist of plants, protists, cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis: The Chemical
Equation
Overview of Phases
 1) Light dependent
Light energy is absorbed and converted into
chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
(also produces oxygen as byproduct!)
 2) Light independent (Calvin Cycle)
CO2 ATP and NADPH (from light dependent) are
used to make glucose.
*Glucose is the basic building block for more complex sugars such as starch.*
Glucose
The Chloroplast
Structures within a chloroplast
 Thylakoids:
 flattened sac-like membranes arranged in stacks
(stacks are called grana).
 Light-dependent reactions take place here.
 Electron transport occurs in the thylakoid
membrane
Structures within a chloroplast
(cont.)
 Stroma:
 Aqueous space outside the grana.
 Light-independent reactions take place
here.
Light Dependent Reactions
 Step 1: Light energy reaches photosytem II, exciting electrons and
causing water molecule to split.
- H+ is released, stays in thylakoid space.
- O2 is given off as a byproduct.
- Electron released into electron transport system
Light Dependent Reactions
 Step 2: Excited electrons move from photosystem II
through the membrane
 As they move, protons (H+) are pumped into thylakoid space
(**active transport!! Tada!!)
Light Dependent Reaction
 Step 3: At photosystem I, electrons are re-energized
and transferred to ferrodoxin (helper protein):
 NADPH (energy storage molecule) is formed from NADP+ (we
need this for the Calvin Cycle!)
Light Dependent Reactions
 Step 4: Hydrogen ions move through the ATP Synthase
because of the concentration gradient, creating ATP
from ADP
Light Dependent Reactions
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_NY
Do Now!! 
 What goes into a light dependent reaction?
What comes out?
 What is the goal of a light dependent
reaction?
 What is given off as a byproduct?
 What is the name of the protein that converts
NADP+ to NADPH (the last electron acceptor)?
Objectives
 To review light dependent reactions
 To introduce light independent reactions by
completing a Calvin Cycle activity
The Calvin Cycle
 Takes place in the STROMA
 Uses NADPH and ATP from Phase I (light dependent
reactions)
 Needs CO2!!!
 Produces GLUCOSE!!
Calvin Cycle
 Functions like
a sugar
factory within
a chloroplast
 Regenerates
the starting
material with
each turn
Calvin Cycle
Inputs
Outputs
- ATP
- Glucose
- NADPH
- NADP+
- CO2
- ADP
Calvin Cycle
Do Now!! 
How does our body make energy?
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
What do you think the outputs of cellular
respiration are?
Objectives
To compare and contrast
photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
To identify the inputs and outputs
of cellular respiration
To define NADH and FADH2
So, what is cellular respiration?
How does cellular respiration
compare to photosynthesis?
Inputs
Outputs
Chemical
Formula
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
CO2 + H2O + light
O2 + C6H12O6
O2 + C6H12O6
CO2 + H2O + ATP
CO2 + H2O + Light 
O2 + C6H12O6
O2 + C6H12O6 
CO2 + H2O + ATP
All cells require energy to do work
o Aerobic = NEEDS OXYGEN!!
o In aerobic respiration we use oxygen to help release the
energy stored in bonds.
o Anaerobic = does NOT require oxygen
NADH and FADH2
FADH2 (Riboflavin)
FADH2
FAD + 2 H+ + 2e-
B2 Vitamin
NADH (Niacin)
NADH
NAD+ + H+ + 2e-
B3 Vitamin
*These are
electron carriers!
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Step 1: Glycolysis
(anaerobic,
cytoplasm)
Step 2: Krebs
Cycle (aerobic,
mitochondrial
matrix)
Step 3: Electron
Transport Chain
(aerobic,
mitochondrial
membrane)
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Cytoplasm
Lactic acid or
CO2/ethanol
Steps of Cellular Respiration (cont.)
 1. Glycolysis:
 Occurs in the cytoplasm
 We break glucose in half (2 pyruvates)
 We make a small amount of ATP (2)
 (we made 4 total, but had to use two
ATP to break down glucose)
 Make NADH (used to make ATP later
on)
Inputs
Outputs
4 ADP
2 ATP (net)
2 NAD+
2 NADH
1 glucose
2 Pyruvates
Steps of Cellular Respiration (cont)
 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)
 Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
 We take the broken glucose
(pyruvates) and make more ATP,
NADH, and another molecule
called FADH2.
 We also release CO2
Inputs
Outputs
2 Pyruvates
6 CO2
NAD+
NADH
2 ADP
2 ATP
FAD
FADH2
Steps of Cellular Respiration (cont)
3. Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
Takes NADH and FADH2 and makes a lot of ATP (32)!!
Uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor to make
water
Input
Output
6 O2
6 H2O
32 ADP
32 ATP
NADH
NAD+
FADH2
FAD
Do Now!! 
 Where does the electron transport chain take place?
 How many ATP are produced?
 How many total molecules of ATP are produced for one
molecule of glucose?
Objectives
 To define anaerobic respiration.
 To compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and
lactic acid fermentation.
Stand up!
 Move your arms up and down for one minute!
 Do not stop until the time is up!
 What is happening in your arms?
Anaerobic Respiration
 Making ATP without oxygen (fermentation)
 Problems:
 Only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule
 Limited amount of NAD+
 Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus
 Used to make beer, wine, and bread
2 Main Types of Fermentation
 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Pyruvate from glycolysis
converted to lactic acid
 Lactic acid is associated with
the “burn” associated with
heavy exercise
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Inputs:
 Glucose, 2ADP
 Outputs:
 2ATP, 2 lactic acid
 Ex:
 Bacteria that help in
making yogurt, cheese and
sour cream.
 Human muscle cells when
out of oxygen.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Physical conditioning allows your body to
adapt to increased activity:
 The body can increase its ability to deliver
oxygen to muscles
 Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint
to exceed their aerobic capacity
2 Main Types of Fermentation
(cont.)
 2. Alcohol Fermentation
 In yeast and some bacteria
 Pyruvate is converted to ethyl
alcohol and carbon dioxide
 Ex: yeast used for baking bread
and making wine/beer
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU
Alcohol Fermentation
 Inputs:
 Glucose, 2ADP
 Outputs:
 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2
 NAD+ gets regenerated
Why don’t you get drunk off bread?
o Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to
you and discuss this question.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Cytoplasm
Lactic acid or
CO2/ethanol
Do Now!! 
 What happens when we don’t get enough
oxygen?
 What does our body do?
Do Now!! 
 What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
 What are the inputs and outputs of each
phase?
 What is the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
Objectives
 To go over the steps of light dependent
reactions
 To understand the inputs and outputs of light
dependent reactions
 To label a light reactions diagram
Do Now!! 
 What is the equation for photosynthesis?
 Where do light dependent reactions take place?
Independent?
 What are the inputs of light dependent reactions?
The outputs?
Objectives
 To go over the steps of light dependent
reactions
 To understand the inputs and outputs of light
dependent reactions
 To label a light reactions diagram