Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Industrial
Revolution
Section 2: Reaction and
Revolution
Section 3: National Unification
and Nationalism
Section 4: Romanticism and
Realism
Visual Summary
The Industrial
Revolution
What were some of the
effects of the Industrial
Revolution?
The BIG Idea
New Technologies The Industrial Revolution changed
the way people lived and worked.
Every nation in the world has the
ability to industrialize.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain
With its plentiful natural resources,
workers, wealth, and markets, Great
Britain became the starting place of the
Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Factors in Great Britain becaming the
birthplace of the Industrial Revolution:
– Agricultural practices became more
efficient, producing more food at lower
prices.
– The enclosure movement of the
eighteenth century caused many peasants
to move to towns, increasing the labor
supply.
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
– The wealthy merchant class of Britain had
a ready supply of capital to invest in the
new industrial machines and factories.
Entrepreneurs devised new business
methods and ways to make profits.
– Britain had plentiful natural resources,
such as water, coal, and iron ore.
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
– Britain’s vast colonial empire gave British
manufacturers a ready outlet for goods.
• In the eighteenth century, cotton production
using the cottage industry system was
made inefficient by a series of new
technological advances.
Industry in Great Britain by 1850
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• New technological advances, such as the
spinning jenny and flying shuttle, gave
Britain an advantage in producing
inexpensive cotton goods.
• The cotton industry became more productive
when Scottish engineer James Watt
modified his steam engine to drive
machinery.
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s
Industrial Revolution, leading to an
expansion of the coal and iron industries.
• Factory owners wanted to use their
machinery constantly, so laborers worked in
shifts and machines ran continuously. Child
labor was common.
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Railroads moved and manufactured goods
more efficiently.
• The first commercial railroad connected the
cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester to
the port of Liverpool.
Social Changes of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain (cont.)
• Railroads were a key component of the
Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing
economic growth.
Which is not a ripple effect caused by
railroad expansion?
A. New jobs were created to
build the railroads.
0%
D
0%
C
D. More sales meant more profit
to invest in more machinery.
B
C. People in rural areas could
now travel to the cities to work.
A. A
B. B
0%
C. 0%C
D. D
A
B. Less expensive transportation
led to lower-priced goods.
The Spread of Industrialization
The pace of industrialization in Europe
and the United States depended on
many factors, including government
policy.
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
• Governments in Belgium, France, and the
German states supported industrialization
and provided funds to build roads, canals,
and railroads.
• When the Industrial Revolution spread to the
United States, thousands of miles of roads
and canals were built to link East and West.
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
• In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddlewheel steamboat, improving transportation
on the waterways. Eventually, railroads
provided the most effective means of
transportation.
• As farmers and immigrants filled the cities, a
labor force became available to the factory
owners.
• Women and children, who were paid lower
wages, often worked in the factories.
What did Robert Fulton build?
A. Steamboats
B. Railroads
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Turnpikes and roads
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Canals
Social Impact in Europe
Industrialization urbanized Europe and
created new social classes, as well as
the conditions for the rise of socialism.
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• European cities and towns grew dramatically
by 1850. Factories were built in towns and
cities to take advantage of their increasing
populations.
• The rapid growth of cities led to
overcrowding, disease, and poverty.
• Industrial capitalism rose during the
Industrial Revolution and produced a new
middle class that built the factories, bought
the machinery, and developed the markets.
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• The Industrial Revolution also led to the
development of an industrial working class.
• The working class had little protection from
factory and mine owners and faced
dangerous working conditions.
• Women and children made up a significant
portion of the labor force due to their low
wages.
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
• Reformers of these harsh working conditions
advocated socialism and believed that
public ownership of production would allow
wealth to be more evenly distributed.
• Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen
believed that an ideal society could be
created through socialism.
On what did the Factory Act of 1833 place
limitations?
A. Child labor
0%
D
0%
A
D. Socialism
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Minimum wage
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Hours a person could
work per day
INDUSTRIALIZATION Transformed
Society
• The Industrial Revolution
began in Great Britain and
spread throughout Europe
and the United States.
• New technologies improved
the production and transportation
of goods.
• Workers migrated to cities as economies shifted
from being farm-based to factory-based.
• As cities grew, an industrial middle class and an
industrial working class emerged.
IDEOLOGIES Arising From the
Industrial Revolution
• Harsh conditions in factories
made socialism attractive.
• Liberalism and nationalism
threatened conservative
governments, leading to the
revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
• Liberal reforms helped Great Britain to avoid
revolution, while France, Austria, and Russia grew
more authoritarian.
• The Crimean War broke down the Concert of Europe,
enabling nationalists to unify Germany and Italy.
CULTURAL MOVEMENTS Arising
From the Industrial Revolution
• Romanticism emphasized
emotions and individuality
in response to the
Enlightenment’s emphasis
on reason.
• The Industrial Revolution
heightened interest in scientific research.
• Growing confidence in science undermined religious
faith, leading to increased secularization.
• Interest in science led to the realism movement,
featuring ordinary people instead of romantic heroes.
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enclosure movement
in Great Britain during the 1700s, the
Parliamentary decree that allowed
fencing off of common lands, forcing
many peasants to move to town
capital
money available for investment
entrepreneur
a person interested in finding new
business opportunities and new ways
to make profits
cottage industry
a method of production in which
tasks are done by individuals in their
rural homes
puddling
process in which coke derived
from coal is used to burn away
impurities in crude iron to produce
high quality iron
industrial capitalism
an economic system based on
industrial production or manufacturing
socialism
a system in which society, usually in
the form of the government, owns and
controls the means of production
derived
process of obtaining a product from a
parent substance
hypothetical
assumed but not known
conservatism
a political philosophy based on
tradition and social stability, favoring
obedience to political authority and
organized religion
principle of intervention
idea that great powers have the right
to send armies into countries where
there are revolutions to restore
legitimate governments
liberalism
a political philosophy originally based
largely on Enlightenment principles,
holding that people should be as free
as possible from government restraint
and that civil liberties—the basic
rights of all people—should be
protected
universal male suffrage
the right of all males to vote in
elections
multinational state
a state in which people of many
nationalities live
constitution
the basic principles and laws of a
nation, state, or social group that
determine the powers and duties of
the government and guarantee
certain rights to the people in it
radical
relating to a political group associated
with views, practices, and policies of
extreme change
militarism
reliance on military strength
kaiser
German for “caesar,” the title of the
emperors of the Second German
Empire
plebiscite
a popular vote
emancipation
the act of setting free
abolitionism
a movement to end slavery
secede
withdraw
unification
the act, process, or result of making
into a coherent or coordinated whole;
the state of being unified
regime
the government in power
romanticism
an intellectual movement that
emerged at the end of the eighteenth
century in reaction to the ideas of the
Enlightenment; it stressed feelings,
emotion, and imagination as sources
of knowing
secularization
indifference to or rejection of religion
or religious consideration
organic evolution
the principle set forth by Charles
Darwin that every plant or animal has
evolved, or changed, over a long
period of time from earlier, simpler
forms of life to more complex forms
natural selection
the principle set forth by Charles
Darwin that some organisms are
more adaptable to the environment
than others; in popular terms,
“survival of the fittest”
realism
mid-nineteenth-century movement
that rejected romanticism and sought
to portray lower- and middle-class life
as it actually was
individuality
a total character that distinguishes an
individual from others
approach
the way or method one examines or
studies an issue or a concept
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