enzymes
transcription
Translation
Organic
compounds
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Miscellaneous
FINAL ROUND
Miscellaneous:
$100 Question
What is another word that means autotroph,
and what are 3 different kingdoms that contain
autotrophs?
ANSWER
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Miscellaneous :
$100 Answer
• Producer
• All plants, some plant-like protists
(phytoplankta or algae), some photosynthetic
bacteria and archaebacteria
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miscellaneous:
$200 Question
• What is another term that means
heterotroph, and what are five kingdoms that
contain heterotrophs?
ANSWER
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Miscellaneous
$200 Answer
•
•
•
•
•
Consumer
Some bacteria
Some archaebacteria
Some animals
Animal-like protists (zooplankton or protozoa)
and fungal-like protists
• fungi
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Miscellaneous
$300 Question
What is the name of the pigment used for
photosynthesis, and where in a plant cell is it
found?
ANSWER
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Miscellaneous
$300 Answer
• Chlorophyll
• Found in the thylakoids of the chloroplasts in
eukaryotic producers (plant like protists and
plants) where it is used in the light reactions
of photosynthesis
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Miscellaneous
$400 Question
• What are the three phases of aerobic cell
respiration, and where does each occur?
ANSWER
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Miscellaneous
$400 Answer
• Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm
• Kreb’s cycle occurs in matrix of the
mitochondria
• Electron transport occurs in cristae of the
inner membrane of the mitochondria
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Miscellaneous
$500 Question
Describe the events that occur in each phase of
aerobic cell respiration, and describe the
relative amounts of ATP produced in each
phase.
ANSWER
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Miscellaneous
$500 Answer
• Glycolysis-split 6C glucose into 2 pieces, producing
2ATP and loading electrons out of broken bonds into
the electron carrier NAD+NADH
• Kreb’s cycle-finish breaking bonds between C of the
glucose, releasing all C in CO2; make 2 more ATP, load
lots of electrons onto NAD+ NADH
• Pass the electrons off the NADH from previous phases
onto the electron transport chain to use the energy to
regenerate more than 30 ATP via ADP+P; at end of the
chain, oxygen accepts the electrons. NAD+ is
regenerated so that all three cycles can be repeated.
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Enzymes:
$100 Question
•
•
•
•
•
What class of molecule is an enzyme?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Protein
C. Lipid
D. Nucleic acid
ANSWER
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Enzymes:
$100 Answer
• B. protein
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Enzymes:
$200 Question
What does it mean to say that an enzyme is a
catalyst?
ANSWER
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Enzymes:
$200 Answer
• Catalysts speed up a specific chemical reaction
for a chemical called the substrate.
• Enzymes and other catalysts speed up the
reaction by lowering the activation (start-up)
energy that is needed to prepare the
substrate for reaction
• They are not changed during their role, so
enzymes like other catalysts can be used over
and over.
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enzymes:
$300 Question
Compare these characteristics of the same
chemical reaction with and without presence
of a catalyst.
• Rate
• Activation energy
• Chemical equation & reactants and products
• Whether the reaction is energy releasing or
energy absorbing.
ANSWER
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enzymes
$300 Answer
• Rate
The speed of the reaction is called the rate: product molecules generated per
second or reactant (substrate) molecules used up per second. With an
enzyme, the rate is much faster than without an enzyme
• Activation energy
Activation energy is the energy needed to start any chemical reaction, and it
is provided by thermal energy in the environment of the substrate. With
enzymes, activation energy is lowered. (make sure you can graph this)
• Chemical equation & reactants and products
The enzyme does not change the identify of reactants or products, so the
chemical equation is the same.
• Whether the reaction is energy releasing or energy absorbing.
the enzyme does not change the energy stored in chemical bonds of the
chemical reactants or products, so it doesn’t change whether the reaction
is exothermic (energy releasing) or endothermic (energy absorbing)
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Enzymes
$400 Question
• What is the active site of an enzyme, and how
does the active site relate to the ability of an
enzyme to catalyze a reaction?
ANSWER
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ENzymes
$400 Answer
• The active site is the location on the enzyme
where substrate(s) bind and where activation
energy is lowered. The active site must fit the
shape of a substrate, or it can not catalyze its
reaction. Draw it!
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Enzymes:
$500 Question
What is denaturation? Name 4 ways that an
enzyme’s function could be destroyed?
ANSWER
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Enzymes:
$500 Answer
• Denaturation—loss of the optimal and functional shape of any
protein—proteins only work correctly if they have their optimal
shape
Ways to inactivate an enzyme
1 mutate the gene so that the protein’s amino acid sequence
and shape is altered
2 change the pH—raise it well above OR drop it well below the
enzyme’s normal environment’s pH-- so that the enzyme’s
shape is changed --!its why pickling preserves food
3 raise the temperature well above that of the enzyme’s
normal environment so that its shape is changed—!it’s why
cooking prevents food poisoning
4 raise or lower salt concentrations well above or below that
of the enzyme’s normal environment so that the protein’s
shape is altered—!it’s why salt curing preserves foods like jerky
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Transcription:
$100 Question
Write the central dogma, and name the
processes that connect each step.
ANSWER
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Transcription:
$100 Answer
DNARNAproteincell functions
Transcription makes RNA
Translation makes protein
Proteins can perform cell functions when they
have the correct shapes,
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Transcription:
$200 Question
• Name 4 kinds of proteins and describe their
jobs
ANSWER
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Transcription:
$200 Answer
Enzymes—catalyze chemical reactions
Transport proteins—allow facilitated diffusion or active transport
Regulatory proteins—control when other proteins are active (like when an
enzyme will be active or when RNA polymerase will transcribe a gene)
Receptor proteins & protein hormones—allow cells to communicate with
each other
Cell identification proteins—allow cells to interact with the correct cells of
a multicellular body & allow the immune system to determine whether
a cell is an invader, like an infecting bacterium
Structural proteins—like the microtubules and actin microfilaments of the
cytoskeleton
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Transcription:
$300 Question
List 5 ways that DNA and RNA differ.
ANSWER
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Transcription:
$300 Answer
Replication forms DNA--transcription forms RNA
DNA is single stranded—RNA is single stranded
DNA nitrogenous bases are ATCG—RNA’s AUCG
DNA sugar is deoxyribose—RNA’s is ribose
DNA is found only in the eukaryotic nucleus—RNA in both nucleus and
cytoplasm
DNA is not destroyed during a cell’s lifetime—RNA is destroyed after
translation is complete
DNA is one type in a cell—several RNA’s: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer
RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Transcription:
$400 Question
If a Gene’s template strand reads TAC GGA CCT
ACT, what will the mRNA sequence be?
Where will the mRNA be made? Used?
ANSWER
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Transcription:
$400 Answer
DNA
TAC GGA CCT ACT
mRNA
AUG CCU
GGA
UGA
Made in nucleus
Used in cytoplasm during translation in the ribosome
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Transcription:
$500
Which is “protein coding”: introns, exons?
ANSWER
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Transcription
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Introns are noncoding and removed from mRNA
during RNA processing before eukaryotic genes
are translated
Exons are spliced back together and sent into the
cytoplasm for translation
RNA processing between transcription and
translation allows the same gene to code several
different proteins because the order of exons can
be changed during processing.
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Translation:
$100 Question
What three types of RNA are directly involved in
translation, and what does each do?
ANSWER
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Translation:
$100 Answer
mRNA—is a copy of the original gene, carrying the
genetic pattern for the order of amino acids in a
protein to the ribosome via the order of its
codons
tRNA—delivers the correct amino acid to the
ribosome according to the ability of its anticodon
to match the mRNA codon exposed in the
ribosome
rRNA—part of the ribosome, involved in
Linking amino acids together into a protein
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Translation:
$200 Question
What is a codon, and what is a anticodon? How
ANSWER
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Translation:
$200 Answer
• Codon—3 letter sequence of nucleotides in either
DNA or mRNA; each 3 letter sequence identifies
one amino acid of a protein. In mRNA, these are
exposed one at a time in the ribosome during
translation
• Anticodon—3 letter sequence of nucleotides in
tRNA; during translation, these enter the opening
of the ribosome and bind to a complementary
codon of mRNA. Each tRNA carries a particular
amino acid to the ribosome, allowing the protein
to be assembled by the directions in mRNA.
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Translation:
$300 Question
Write the start and stop codons
ANSWER
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Translation:
$300 Answer
• Start—mRNA AUG, codes a methionine
amino acid
• Stop—mRNA UAA, UAG, UGA binds a
release factor that ends translation
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Translation:
$400 Question
Why can mutations in DNA alter a cell’s health
or traits? List 2 major groups of mutations
and their effects.
ANSWER
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Translation:
$400 Answer
DNA codons direct the order of codons in mRNA, and these codons direct order
of amino acids in the final protein. If DNA sequence is changed, so are the
codons. If the codons direct a different amino acid sequence, then the shape
and function of the coded protein can change.
Silent mutations—no change in protein
Expressed mutations—one or more amino acid sequence changes alter protein
shape
Substitution—switch to an incorrect nucleotide in a codon
Insertion—add an extra nucleotide
Deletion—take out a nucleotide
Frameshift—alter the identity of all codons after the site of insertion or deletion
Point mutation—a single nucleotide change in a a gene
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Translation:
$500 Question
If the sequence of a gene is TAC GGA CCT ACT,
then what is the sequence of the coded mRNA
and protein?
ANSWER
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Translation:
$500 Answer
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
protein
TAC GGA CCT ACT
AUG CCU GGA UGA
UAC GGA CCU ACU
met arg
gly
stop
10% Solute
90% Water
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Organic compounds:
$100 Question
What six elements are the most common in all
organisms, forming organic compounds?
ANSWER
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Organic compounds:
$100 Answer
CHNOPS
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Organic compounds:
$200 Question
Why is Carbon the most important element for
making organic compounds?
ANSWER
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Organic compounds:
$200 Answer
C has 4 valence electrons, so it forms 4 covalent
bonds. It can make bonds with up to 4
different side chains. It can bond to other C to
make chains of C. It can form double and
triple and single bonds.
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Organic compounds:
$300 Question
• What are the 4 types of polymers, and what
are the monomers that make each?
ANSWER
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Organic compounds:
$300 Answer
Carbohydrates—made of monosaccharides or
sugars
Lipids—made of fatty acids
Nucleic acids—DNA, RNA—made of nucleotides
Proteins—made of amino acids
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Organic compounds:
$400 Question
• What are the 3 common carbohydrates and
their jobs?
ANSWER
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Organic compounds:
$400 Answer
• Starch—stores energy in plants (made of
chains of glucose)
• Glycogen—stores energy in animals (made of
chains of glucose)
• Cellulose—cell walls in plants (made of chains
of glucose)
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Organic compounds:
$500 Question
• What is different about?
• Saturated and unsaturated fats
ANSWER
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Organic compounds:
$500 Answer
Both made of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
Both hydrophobic
Saturated fats
No double bonds between C’s
Straight so pack to clog arteries
Solids room temperature
Unsaturated fats
Have one or more C to C double bonds
Bent so don’t easily pack to clog arteries
Liquids at room temperature
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FINAL ROUND Question
• Describe a phospholipid, and explain
why phospholipids are important in
cell membranes.
ANSWER
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FINAL ROUND, Jeopardy, answer
• Phospholipids have a polar covalent
phosphate group on one end. This end is
forms the outside layer/cytoplasm facing layer
of cell membranes because it is hydrophilic
like the fluid outside and inside a cell. The
two fatty acid tails that form the other end are
hydrophobic, allowing the cell to prevent most
materials from easily crossing in/out of the
cell unless a transport protein provides a path.
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