COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Chapter 24
Pages 620 - 641
What I need to know about
Communicable Diseases:
1. Causes of Communicable Diseases
2. How Communicable Diseases are
Transmitted
3. Preventing the Spread of Disease
CAUSES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
VIRUSES
•Common Cold
•Flu
•Viral
Pneumonia
•Viral Hepatitis
•Polio
•Mono
•Measles
•AIDS
•Viral
Meningitis
•Chicken Pox
•Herpes
•Rabies
•Small Pox
BACTERIA
•Bacterial
Foodborne
Illness
•Strep Throat
•Tuberculosis
•Diptheria
•Gonorrhea
•Lyme Disease
•Bacterial
Pinkeye
•Bacterial
Pneumonia
•Bacterial
Meningitis
FUNGI
•Athlete’s Foot
•Ringworm
•Vaginal Yeast
Infection
PROTOZOANS
•Malaria
•Amoebic
Dysentery
•Sleeping
Sickness
*Chart Found on Page 623 in your health book*
RICKETTSIAS
•Typhus
•Rocky
Mountain
Spotted Fever
Viruses – usually run their course and
eventually killed by your immune
system. Can’t be treated by antibiotics
Bacteria – are usually destroyed by your
immune system. Can be treated by
antibiotics.
Rickettsias – enter humans through
bites of insects (flees or lice).
How Communicable Diseases are
Transmitted:
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Airborne Transmission
•Touching
•Biting
•Kissing
•Sexual Contact
•Sneezing
•Coughing
•Pregnant Women can pass
disease to unborn child
through placenta
•Contaminated Objects
•Vectors (flies, mosquitoes,
ticks)
•Water and Food
•Travel through the air for a
long time or distance
•Don’t settle quickly on
surfaces
Preventing the Spread of Communicable
Diseases
Eat a Balanced Diet
Washing Hands
Handling Food Properly
Don’t share utensils, makeup,
combs, brushes or other personal
items
Be sure to get vaccinations
Take care of yourself when you are
ill (cover your mouth when you
cough/sneeze)
Regular Physical Activity
Avoid unnecessary contact with people who are ill.
Avoid Alcohol, Tobacco, and other drugs
Learn to manage stress
PREVENTING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Physical & Chemical Barriers
• 1st line of defense
•Physical: skin, mucous membranes
•Chemical: enzymes in tears
PREVENTING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
The Immune Response
• Pathogens invade the body.
•Macrophages engulf the pathogen.
•Macrophages digest the pathogen and T cells recognize antigens
of the pathogen as an invader.
•T cells bind to the antigens.
•B cells bind to antigens and helper T cells
•B cells produce plasma cells.
•Plasma cells release antibodies into the bloodstream.
•Antibodies bind to antigens to help other cells identify and
destroy pathogens.
*Found on page 630 in Health Book*
COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Respiratory Infections
•Common Cold
•Influenza
•Pneumonia
•Strep Throat
•Tuberculosis
Hepatitis
Other
•Hepatitis A
•Hepatitis B
•Hepatitis C
•Mononucleosis
•Measles
•Encephalitis
•Meningitis
NONCOMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Chapter 26
Pages 674 - 699
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Hypertension – high blood pressure
• Normal blood pressure: 110-120/50100
• Normal Heart Rate: 55-105
• Common among people over the age
of 35
• “Silent Killer” because it often has no
symptoms.
• Treatment: medication, weight
management, physical activity &
proper nutrition
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Atherosclerosis – plaques
accumulate on artery walls.
• Buildup is due mainly to
food choices.
• Can cause blood clots
that can lead to heart
attack or strokes.
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Angina Pectoris – chest pain
that results when the heart
does not get enough oxygen
• Last from seconds to
minutes
• Warning sign that the heart
is temporarily not getting
enough blood
• Treatment: medication
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Arrhythmias– irregular heart beats
• Skip a beat
• Beat irregularly
• Beat very quickly
• Beat very slowly
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Heart Attack – damage to the heart muscle
caused by a reduced or blocked blood supply.
• Many heart attacks are sudden & cause
intense chest pain
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Congestive Heart Failure – heart
weakens and can’t maintain its regular
pumping rate and force.
• Gradually weakens
• Can be result of high blood pressure,
atherosclerosis, a heart valve defect
or other factors
• Management (not treatment):
medication, good nutrition, physical
activity.
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Stroke – arterial blockage interrupts the
flow of blood to the brain.
• Brain is deprived of oxygen
• Cerebral Hemorrhage – blood vessels
in brain burst.
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
EKG
MRI
Produces a graph of the
electrical activity of the
heart. It helps detect
the nature of a heart
attack and shows heart
function.
Uses powerful magnets
to produce images of
internal body organs.
The images are used to
identify heart damage
and heart defects.
Radionuclide
Imaging
Radionuclides injected
into the blood can be
observed on a
computer screen as
they pass through the
heart. Used to assess
the heart’s blood
supply and to show
heart function.
Angiography
A thin, flexible tube is
guided through blood
vessels to the heart.
Dye is injected, and
motion x rays are taken
to look for heart
obstructions.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Coronary Bypass
Often a healthy vein is
removed from the leg
or chest and placed
elsewhere to create a
detour around a
blocked artery.
Angioplasty
Medications
Pacemaker
A tube with a balloon is
inserted into a blocked
artery. The balloon is
inflated against the
artery walls. Then it is
deflated and removed.
A metal structure may
remain to keep the
artery open.
Various medications are
used to treat CVDs.
These include diuretics
to aid with the body’s
fluid balance,
cholesterol-lowering
drugs, and drugs that
slow the blood’s
clotting mechanisms in
order to reduce risk of
stroke.
Pacemakers are used to
treat an irregular
heartbeat. The small
device sends steady
electrical impulses to
the heart to make it
beat regularly.
Why Teens Can Be At Risk
For Cardiovascular Diseases:
• History of smoking or diabetes, blood-vessel damage
• Health behaviors you practice NOW are affecting your
cardiovascular system
• Physical Activity
• Nutrition
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular
Disease
YOU CONTROL
• Tobacco Use
• High Blood Pressure
• High Cholesterol
• Physical Inactivity
• Excess Weight
• Stress
• Drug & Alcohol Use
YOU DON’T CONTROL
• Heredity
• Gender
• Men have greater
risk
• Women of same
age don’t recover as
well as men
• Age
CANCER
Uncontrollable growth of
abnormal cells
TYPES OF CANCERS
Lymphomas
Leukemias
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Cancers of the
Immune System.
Cancers of the
blood-forming
organs.
Cancers of the
glands and body
linings, including
the skin and the
linings of the
digestive tract and
lungs.
Cancers of
connective tissue,
including bones,
ligaments and
muscle.
Risk Factors for Cancer
• Abnormal cells that have the potential to become cancer cells are
produced every day and the immune system destroys most of them.
• If the immune systems becomes weakened or the number of cancer
cells becomes overwhelming, cancer may develop.
• Some cases – normal cells may change by themselves, in others it is
due to a faulty gene.
• Majority of cancers are caused by exposure to certain factors that
increase the risk of cell damage.
• Carcinogen from cigarette smoke
• Ultraviolet light (tanning)
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Dietary factors
How to reduce our risk for
Cancer
• Practice abstinence from sexual activity
• Be physically active
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Eat nutritious foods
• Follow an eating plan that is low in saturated fat and high in fiber
• Protect your skin from ultraviolet radiation
• Avoid tobacco and alcohol
• Recognize warning signs of cancer
Treatment for Cancer
• Surgery
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Hormone Therapy
A word of CAUTION
about cancer
Change in bowel habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual discharge or bleeding
Thickening or a lump in breast or other part of the body
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart of mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
ALLERGIES
Common Allergens: pollen, food, dust, mold
spores, chemicals, insect venom, medicines.
Histamines
produce:
sneezing,
itchy eyes,
runny nose
Reactions:
Hives, swelling of the
mouth, difficulty
breathing/swallowing,
raspy voice, swelling
of the tongue, blood
pressure drops
Diagnosing
Allergies: Blood
test, food
elimination diet,
skin test
Treating Allergies: avoiding the allergens,
medicines with antihistamines, immunotherapy
(series of shots)
ASTHMA
Common Asthma Triggers:
air pollution, pet dander, tobacco smoke, microscopic mold,
pollen, dust mites.
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
•
•
•
Asthma Attacks:
Muscles of the bronchial walls tighten and produce extra mucus.
Respiratory passages narrow.
Results can range from minor wheezing to severe difficulty in
breathing.
Can be life threatening
Managing Asthma:
Monitor the condition: (shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain,
coughing/sneezing
Manage the environment: avoid exposure to tobacco smoke
Manage stress: Relax
Take medication: can be used to relieve symptoms or prevent flareups.
DIABETES
Serious side effects:
Blindness
Kidney Failure
Limb Amputations
Heart Disease
Stroke
DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes:
body does not produce insulin and glucose builds up in the
blood starving cells of the energy they need.
Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes:
Must take daily doses of insulin either through
injections or a special pump attached to the body by
tubing that is surgically implanted.
Accounts for 5-10% of
all diabetes cases.
DIABETES
Type 2 Diabetes:
found in older adults and in individuals that are obese or have
inactive lifestyles.
Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes:
weight management and regular physical activity.
Carefully monitor diet to control blood-sugar levels.
Some cases, oral medicines or injections.
Accounts for 90-95%
of all diabetes cases.
ARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis – cartilage breaks down. Affects mainly the weight bearing joints of
the knees and hips, but can affect any joint including fingers, lower back, and
feet.
Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Controlling weight, preventing
sports injuries, protecting against Lyme Disease.
Rheumatoid Arthritis – Caused by an autoimmune disease, which has no cure.
Sufferers are likely to experience inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint
pain. Joints may become deformed and cease to function properly. Affects mainly
the joints in the hand, foot, elbow, shoulder, neck, knee, hip, and ankle.
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focus on relieving pain,
reducing inflammation and swelling, and joints moving as normally as
possible. A combination of exercise, rest, joint protection, and physical
and occupational therapy.
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
DISABILITIES
Sight Impairments
Hearing Impairments
Motor Impairments
Mental Challanges
SIGHT IMPAIRMENT
Macular Degeneration: a disease in
which the retina degenerates. It is the
leading cause of blindness in individuals
over 55.
Glaucoma: a disease that
damages the optic nerve of the
eye.
Cataracts: a clouding of the
lens of the eye.
HEARING IMPAIRMENT
• Can range from minor to severe
• Profound Deafness: hearing loss so severe that a person affected
cannot benefit from mechanical amplification, such as a hearing aid.
Causes of Deafness
•
•
•
•
Heredity
Injury
Disease
Obstructions
• Build-up of wax
• Bone blockage
• Something stuck in the ear
• Surgery can cure many obstructions
• Nerve Damage
• Age
• Loud Noises (stereos, traffic, video games, machines, concerts)
MOTOR IMPAIRMENT
• Results when the body’s range of motion and
coordination are affected by an injury to the brain
or a disorder of the nervous system.
• Physical Therapy is often used to help those with
motor impairments.
MENTAL RETARDATION
Causes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Injury
Disease
Brain Abnormality
Genetic Disorder
• Down Syndrome
• PKU
• Tay-Sachs
• Fragile X Syndrome
Pregnant women who use Alcohol or other Drugs
• Low birth weight
• Mental Retardation
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Restricted supply of oxygen during birth
Stroke
Certain infections
• Meningitis
ACCOMMODATING FOR
DIFFERENCES
• Wheelchair access on public transportation and
building entrances
• People are evaluated based on merit, not on
stereotyped assumptions about disabilities
• People should have the same opportunities as
people who do not have physical or mental
challenges.