LINDA KAY DAVIS, ED.D, PRESENTER
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE
COORDINATOR, RESIDENCY 1, COLLEGE OF ARTS
AND LETTERS, AUSTIN PEAY STATE UNIVERSITY
WHAT IS DEEP LEARNING?
“Deeper learning is simply what highly effective educators have always provided:
Delivery of rich core content to students in innovative ways
Students first learning and then applying what they learn
Rigorous core content
True deeper learning is developing competencies that enable graduating high school
students to be college and career ready and then make maximum use of their knowledge
in life and work” (Alliance for Effective Educaton 1).
WORDS RELATED TO DEEPENING LEARNING
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SCAFFOLD
● CORRECT EARLIER MISCONCEPTIONS
RELEASE RESPONSIBILITY
● PRACTICE SKILLS, PROCESSES, AND
STRATEGIES
MASTER CORE ACADEMIC CONTENT
● PROVIDED FOR ALL STUDENTS
EXAMINE CONTENT IN NEW WAYS
● THINK CRITICALLY
ADD NEW INFORMATION
● COLLABORATE
● ACADEMIC MINDSET
● LEARNING HOW TO LEARN
THEORIES RELATED TO DEEPENING LEARNING
SCHEMA DEVELOPMENT:
Schemata are the means by which knowledge is arranged and warehoused.
(Anderson, 1995, Bransford & Johnson, 1973, ; Winograd, 1975, cited in Marzano)
Three types of schema development:
Accretion—gaining knowledge
Tuning—adjusting or modifying knowledge
Restructuring—rearranging knowledge to acquire new perceptions
PIAGET AND SCHEMA
• Accretion and tuning are
similar to Piaget’s assimilation because
new knowledge is gradually connected to prior knowledge.
• Restructuring is similar to Piaget’s accommodation because in
this stage new learnings challenge current insights and views
(Marzano 2007).
TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
• Procedural—skills, strategies, and procedures
• Examples: adding two digits, editing a composition for punctuation,
“sounding out a new word, shooting a free throw” (Marzano, 2007)
• Declarative—information
• Examples: timeline for historical events, characteristics of fiction,
characteristics of DNA, rules of soccer
HOW TO DEEPEN PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
• Procedural deepens with practice that increases, removes, and alters steps. Gradually these
procedures become automatic, accomplished without thought. Sometimes fluency is a word
used to describe automatic full development of this type of knowledge.
• Good teachers take time to help learners develop procedural knowledge over time.
Procedural knowledge is not, however, accomplished with rote drill. Guided practice that
teaches students to organize, review, rehearse, summarize, compare, and contrast is the key
according to Rosenshine (cited in Marzano, 2007, 62).
HOW TO DEEPEN DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
• Reviewing and revising are the keys.
• Students need “at least four exposures to new declarative knowledge to
adequately integrate it into their existing knowledge bases” (Nuthall cited in
Marzano, 2007, 62).
• These exposures need to occur no more that 48 hours apart (Roveee,-Collier,
1995; cited in Marzano, 2007, 62).
• Students need time to think about what they have learned.
Strategies for Deepening Declarative
Knowledge with Revision
• Repeated structured and guided exposures so that unclear thinking becomes clearer and knowledge is
added.
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Repeated opportunities to add new information, fix mistakes, and refine meaning (especially
important today with the CCSS demands that students write and speak argumentatively)
• Error analysis considered by some to be a major academic skill. (Costa Cited in Marzano, 2007 63))
STRATEGIES FOR DEEPENING DECLARATIVE
KNOWLEDGE WITH REVISION
• HOMEWORK
• Seems to have little effect on achievement at lower grades, but might help develop study skills
• Needs to be small chunks of meaningful work that will increase declarative knowledge. (Marzano,
2007, 67-69).
• IDENTIFY SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
• Comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies
• Using graphic organizers, Venn diagrams, sentence frames, double bubbles, comparison matrixes,
Classification charts, metaphor charts (Marzano, 2007, 72-77)
MORE STRATEGIES FOR DEEPENING
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE WITH REVISION
• Teach students to identify errors in their thinking including faulty logic:
• Contradiction
• Accident
• False cause
• Begging the question
● Evading the issue
● Arguing from ignorance
● Composition /division
• See Marzano, 2007, 2009. The Art and Science of Teaching
for additional information.
MORE STRATEGIES FOR DEEPENING LEARNING
• Gradually lessen the structure and vary the requirements
• When deepening procedural knowledge, consider whether becoming proficient is a life skill.
• Provide charts so that students are aware of their progress
• Consider using collaborative groups after independent practice.
• Begin monitored work in class and assign for homework.
• Send parents directions for procedural homework.
SIX COMPETENCIES STRENGTHENED WITH
DEEPER LEARNING
• Mastery of core content
• Thinking critically and solving complex problems
• Working collaboratively
• Communicating effectively
• Learning how to learn
• Developing academic mindsets
See “Deeper Learning Defined” April 2013 HP Foundation.
BENEFITS FOR STUDENTS IN A CLASSROOM
WITH A FOCUS ON DEEPER LEARNING
• Motivated and challenged students
• Students who not only can learn about knowledge and skills but also can apply skills to new situations.
• Students who can connect learning to their lives
• Students who develop an academic MINDSET
• Students who can evaluate their own errors in procedures and use of knowledge
• Students who can adjust their thinking and correct their own errors
• Thus, students who are self-regulating because they have internalized information, knowledge, skills
(Carl Roger’s principles of self-directed learning)
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“A Time for Deeper Learning: Preparing Students for a Changing World. ” Alliance for Excellent Education (2011, p. 3)
CHALLENGE AT THE HEART OF DEEPER LEARNING
• HTTPS://WWW.TEACHINGCHANNEL.ORG/VIDEOS/DEEPER-LEARNING-A-SERIES-OVERVIEW
• HTTPS://WWW.TEACHINGCHANNEL.ORG/VIDEOS/DEEPER-LEARNING-CHALLENGES-STUDENTS-EXL
• HTTP://WWW.HEWLETT.ORG/PROGRAMS/EDUCATION/DEEPER-LEARNING/WHAT-DEEPER-LEARNING
WORKS CITED
Alliance for Excellent Education. (May 2011). A time for deeper learning: Preparing students for a changing world.
Washington, D.C.: Alliance for Excellent Education. Retrieved from
http://all4ed.org/reports-factsheets/a-time-for-deeper-learning-preparing-students-for-achanging-world/.
Deeper learning defined ( April 2013). The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved from www.hewlet.org/uploads/
document/Deeper_Learning_Defined_April_April.pdf
Marzano, Robert J. (2007). The art and science of teaching. [e-book] EBSCO.
OTHER RESOURCES FOR DEEPENING LEARNING
DEEPER LEARNING FOR EVERY STUDENT:
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HTTP://WWW.HEWLETT.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/DEEPER%20LEARNING%20FOR%20EVERY%20STUDENT%20EVERY%20DAY_GETTING%20SMART_1.2014.PDF
READINGS FOR LEARNING ABOUT DEEPENING LEARNING:
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HTTPS://WWW.TEACHINGCHANNEL.ORG/BLOG/2014/03/21/DEEPER-LEARNING-READING-LIST/
SPOTLIGHT ON DEEPER LEARNING FROM EDUCATION WEEK:
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HTTP://WWW.EDWEEK.ORG/EW/MARKETPLACE/PRODUCTS/SPOTLIGHT-DEEPER-LEARNING.HTML
HOW PLANNING FOR PROCESSING TIME FOR STUDENTS HELPS TO DEEPEN LEARNING:
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HTTP://WWW.SALUDASCHOOLS.ORG/SITE/DEFAULT.ASPX?PAGETYPE=3&MODULEINSTANCEID=3483&VIEWID=7B97F7ED-8E5E-4120-848FA8B4987D588F&RENDERLOC=0&FLEXDATAID=5865&PAGEID=3103
OTHER RESOURCES FOR DEEPENING LEARNING
The Art of Planning for Deeper Learning:
http://totallylearnedas.com/2014/08/10/the-art-of-timing deeper-learning/
http://edlights.com/blog-the-abcs-of-deeper-learning-part-2
The Nature of Learning:
http://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/50300814.pdf
How Global Competency can Deepen Learning:
http://asiasociety.org/files/book-globalcompetence.pdf
Assessment: Asking Questions to Deepen Learning:
http://totallylearnedas.com/2014/08/10/the-art-of-timing-deeper-learning/
OTHER RESOURCES FOR DEEPENING LEARNING
THE NATURE OF LEARNING:
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HTTP://WWW.OECD.ORG/EDU/CERI/50300814.PDF
HOW GLOBAL COMPETENCY CAN DEEPEN LEARNING:
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HTTP://ASIASOCIETY.ORG/FILES/BOOK-GLOBALCOMPETENCE.PDF
USING ACTIVE LEARNING TO ENHANCE LEARNING
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HTTP://WWW.CTE.CORNELL.EDU/DOCUMENTS/PRESENTATIONS/EISEN-HANDOUT.PDF
DEEPENING LEARNING IN AP AND HONORS (ADVANCED) LEVEL COURSES IN HIGH SCHOOL:
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HTTP://SCHOLARWORKS.GVSU.EDU/CGI/VIEWCONTENT.CGI?ARTICLE=1053&CONTEXT=TFR
OTHER RESOURCES FOR DEEPENING LEARNING
FOSTERING DEEPER LEARNING THROUGH FEEDBACK IN A SPANISH CLASS (GOOD IDEAS IN GENERAL, TOO)
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HTTP://BLOG.CALICOSPANISH.COM/2014/04/21/FOSTERING-DEEPER-LEARNING-THROUGH-FEEDBACK.HTML
DEEPENING LEARNING IN MATHEMATICS CLASSES:
FILES.ERIC.ED.GOV/FULLTEXT/ED544239.PDF
HTTP://WWW.DONORSCHOOSE.ORG/PROJECT/DEEPENING-ALGEBRA-LEARNING/1157454/
HTTPS://WWW.NCETM.ORG.UK/CPD/39533
NEUROSCIENCE AND DEEPENING LEARNING
HTTP://WWW.EDWEEK.ORG/TM/ARTICLES/2012/03/27/TLN_PILLARS_NEUROSCIENCE.HTML?TKN=PTCFBFRS2P2OOBRODE%2FKUTOFIZ%2BJAEHEUKQE