Speech Supernotes Quarter 1
Information from PowerPoint 1
 Types of Communication
 Intrapersonal Communication: communicating with oneself
 Dyadic Communication: communication with only two people
 Interpersonal Communication: communication in which the parties consider one
another to be individuals
 Small group Communication: communication where every person can participate
actively with the other members
 Public Communication: communication that occurs when a group becomes too large for
all members to contribute (like audience and a speaker)
 Mass Communication: messages transmitted to a large, widespread audience via
electronic or print media
 The Communication Process
 Sender has something to say (Intended message) based on their thoughts, feeling, ideas,
etc.
 Sender determines a receiver and translates the message into words (encodes) and sends
the message (actual message).
 The receiver then gets the (received message), translates it (decodes) and perceives its
meaning filtered through their experiences.
 The receiver may then send a response (feedback).
 Also:
 Channel: the medium through which the message passes from the sender to the
receiver
 Environment: physical location and personal history surrounding the communication
 Noise: internal OR external, interference with the process of communication
 Communication Barrier: inhibits or block communication, sometimes called
“noise”
 Communication Breakdown: a total failure in the communication act
 Field of Experience
 Definition: all of a person’s past and present experiences
 Also:
 Attitudes: a predisposition to respond to an idea, person, or thing favorably or
unfavorably
 Belief: an underlying conviction about the truth of an idea, often based on cultural
training. The conviction that certain things are true
 Opinions: a belief not based on absolute certainty or positive knowledge but what
seems true, valid, or probable to one’s own mind
 Values: a deeply rooted belief about a concept’s inherent worth
 The Cultural Model
 Verbal Symbols and Nonverbal Symbols
 Cultural Rule
 Cultural Norms
 Cultural Beliefs
 Cultural Values
 Universal Human Needs
 Think of as an iceberg, only see the very top, line is the waterline and everything
underneath it is not able to be seen. Universal Human Needs is separate because it is
shared by all humans and binds us together.
 Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures
 Individualistic: high value on accomplishments of the individual, value independence,
self-reliance, competition, and personal opinion, personal rights and reaching one’s full
optional, ex: USA
 Collectivistic: high value on the welfare of the group, value connection to the group,
interdependence, cooperation, and consensus, meeting one’s obligations and fitting in, ex:
Asian and Latin American countries
 Culture and Communication
 Culture: a system of values, beliefs, attitudes, rules, and norms shared by a group of
people
 Rules: set of standards of acceptable behavior that are explicitly spelled out in a given
situation or context
 Norms: implied standards of acceptable behavior in a given situation or context, rules
that are not clearly spelled out but assumed
 High-Context and Low-Context Cultures
 Context: refers to the characteristics of the situation in which communication takes
place; the situation that surrounds the events
 High-Context: one in which people’s understanding of what is being communicated is
based less on words spoken and more on the communication context, pay attention to the
speaker’s context to determine meaning, responsibility of the receiver to determine the
intended message, ex: Mexico and Japan
 Low-Context: understanding comes from the literal meaning of spoken words, expect the
speaker to be responsible for the clearly spelled out messages, ex: USA and Canada
Information from PowerPoint 2
 The Elements of Perception and Symbolization
 Perception: the process by which we give meaning to the objects and events we are
made aware of through our senses
 Two-part process: stimulus then interpretation
 Highly selective to stimuli
 Senses: what we use to gather, process, and store information
 Visual: sights
 Auditory: sounds/words
 Olfactory: smells
 Gustatory: tastes
 Kinesthetic: feelings, textures, temperature, touch
 5 Reasons Why We Have Different Perceptions
 The physical ability to perceive
 Present circumstances
 Knowledge and experiences
 Expectations
 Ability to classify and interpret stimuli
 Understanding the Elements of Verbal Communication
 Intangible/Abstract concepts: concepts for which there is no perceivable referent,
words that cannot be easily defined, grasped, and cannot be touched
 Tangible: words that can be perceived through our senses, have form and substance
 Language: a set of interrelated verbal or word symbols
 Connotation: the attitude people have about what the word represents
 Denotation: the literal definition of a word
 Labeling: the practice of attaching a name to a person and then behaving as if the name
or label were that person
 Stereotyping: projecting the characteristics of a group onto an individual
 Euphemism: words or phrases that are less offensive but usually less accurate
 Semantics: meaning of words, reflects the way speakers respond to a particular symbol,
govern the meaning of language
 Syntax: the arrangement of words, govern the way words can be arranged in a sentence
 Pragmatic rules: rules that govern the everyday use of language, interpretation of a
message
 Relative terms: words that gain their meaning through comparison
 Emotive words: words that convey/express the sender’s feelings, emotions, or attitude,
rather than an objective description, emotive language uses connotative words to get the
listener involved
 Equivocal words: words that can be pronounced in two ways and mean two different
things
 Report/Fact: an observed and verifiable statement, can be proved true or false, limited
numbers
 Inference: statements about the unknown based on what is known, a good guess or
assumption, probable but cannot be verified, valid or invalid
 Judgment: an attitude or statement that expresses approval or disapproval, not verifiable,
personal opinion
 The Relationship between Nonverbal and Verbal Communication
 Nonverbal may complement verbal
 Nonverbal may contradict verbal
 Tend to belief interpretation of nonverbal messages
 Meaning of nonverbal communication is personally and culturally derived
 Nonverbal Communication
 Voice and vocal cues: nonverbal qualities of the voice such as pitch, rate, volume, and
tone that help the receiver interpret the meaning of the message
 Body language/kinesics: communication by means of facial expression, gestures, and
posture
 Touch/tactile communication: communication by means of touch
 Silent languages: silence, space, time, color
 Emblems: gestures or nonverbal behaviors that can be translate into words or phrases
 Affect displays: facial expressions or nonverbal behaviors that convey emotions
 Regulators: nonverbal behaviors that maintain and regulate the back and forth nature of
conversation
 6 universal facial expression: surprise, anger, happiness, fear, disgust, sadness
 Proxemics: our use of space while communication, 4 zones:
 Intimate: 0-6 inches
 Personal: 1.5 feet-2 feet
 Social: 4-7 feet
 Public: 12-25 feet
 Body language techniques: move toward the person, lean forward, uncross arms and legs,
smile, let response show, touch, make eye contact
Information from PowerPoint 3
 Intrapersonal Communication: communication with oneself
 Self-concept: what you think of yourself, the sum total of all the beliefs and attitudes you
hold about yourself
 Self esteem: the degree of regard in which you have for yourself
 Understanding oneself – 4 Components of the Self
 How you see yourself
 Logical self
 Emotional self
 Ethical self
 Physical self
 Sexual self
 Social self
 How you would like to see yourself
 How others see you
 How you would like others to see you
 Interpersonal communication: communication in which the parties involved consider one
another as individuals
 Dyadic: only two parties
 Self-disclosure: revealing something personal about one’s self
 Empathetic/Empathic listener: listens from the speaker’s point of view
 Johari Window: a communication model for self-disclosure that describes the
relationship between self-awareness and self-disclosure
 Open Area: public self, things others and yourself know about you
 Blind Area: information others know about you but you do not
 Hidden Area: information you know about yourself but other do not
 Unknown Area: information about yourself that neither you nor others know
 Self-fulfilling prophecy: when a person’s expectation of an event makes the outcome
more likely than would otherwise be true
 Pygmalion effect: the tendency to communicate and behave as you think others expect
 Levels of Self-disclosure
 Involves general information
 Involves thoughts, feelings, needs, hopes, dreams, preferences, beliefs in a past or
future way, still general
 Involves revealing feelings about the person you’re speaking to in the here and now
relationship
 Applying Effective Interpersonal Communication Skills
 Developing the ability to perceive other accurately
 Developing the ability to trust and be honest with others
 Developing a tolerance for individual differences
 Becoming more sensitive to what people “mean” when they communicate
 Becoming a more empathic listener
 Communication Competency: the ability to get what you seek from others in a manner
that maintains the relationship on terms acceptable to both of you
 Situational, relational dimensions, can be learned
 Cognitive complexity: the ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an
issue; also allows us to make sense of people using a variety of perspectives; thinks about
the behavior of others from different angles
 Self-monitoring: pays close attention to one’s behavior and using these observations to
shape the way the behave