Name _____________________________
AP Biology
Period _________
Date ______________________
REVIEW UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
A. Top 7
1. Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
 No internal membranes vs. membrane-bound organelles 
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2. Cell structures & the functions they perform
a. Controlling internal environment
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cell membrane, membrane proteins & cell receptors 
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movement across membrane: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport 
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hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions 
b. Protein production
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nucleus & DNA 
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ribosomes 
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ER & vesicles 
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Golgi apparatus & vesicles 
c. Energy production
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mitochondria, chloroplasts 
d. Cell reproduction
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nucleus & DNA 
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centrioles & spindle fibers 
e. Digestion
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f.
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lysosomes & vesicle, vacuoles 
Cell connections
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connecting junctions: plasmodesmata & gap junctions 
 barrier junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes 
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3. Endosymbiotic theory
4.
Membrane Structure and Function
a. Fluid Mosaic model
• peripheral protein
• integral protein
• cholesterol
• phospholipid bilayer
b. Purpose of plasma membrane
• cell-to-cell adhesion
• transporter
• enzyme activity
• cell surface receptor
• cell surface identity marker
5. Movement Across a Membrane
a. Simple diffusion
b. Facilitate diffusion
c. Active transport
d. Endocytosis
e. Exocytosis
6. The Special Case of Water—Osmosis
a. Concentration gradient
b. Water potential (know how to calculate water potential)
c. Determine the direction of movement if given:
• water potential
• hypertonic solution
• hypotonic solution
• isotonic solution
d. How different organisms handle osmotic pressure
• Paramecium
• Plant cell vs. animal cell
7. Cell Communication
a. Identify the structure and function of• autocrine
• juxtacrine
• paracrine
• endocrine
B. Labs
1. Diffusion & Osmosis
Be sure to review the procedures and the conclusions, and understand:
a. Factors that affect movement of water across a membrane
b. How water & solutes will move across a membrane under different osmotic conditions
c. How to measure osmotic concentration of an unknown tissue or solution using solutions
of known concentrations
d. How to calculate water potential