The
science dealing
with soils as a natural
resource on the surface
of the Earth.

http://soils.usda.gov/education/facts/careers.html
The
branch of
anthropology that
studies prehistoric
people and their
cultures
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=archeo
logy
 The
scientific study of celestial
objects (such as stars, planets,
comets, and galaxies) and
phenomena that originate
outside the Earth's atmosphere

http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Astronomy
Study of the chemical composition of
the natural atmosphere, the way gases,
liquids, and solids in the atmosphere
interact with each other and with the
earth's surface and associated biota,
and how human activities may be
changing the chemical and physical
characteristics of the atmosphere.


http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~sander/chem-intro.html
The scientific study of climate. Part of
meteorology which studies processes of
climate formation, distribution of climates
over the globe, analysis of the causes of
differences of climate(physical
climatology), and the application of
climatic data to the solution of specific
design or operational problems (applied
climatology).


http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climatology.html
Soil Science deals with soils as an
environmental resource. It includes soil
characterization, classification, and
mapping, and the physical, chemical,
hydrologic, mineralogical, biological,
and microbiological analysis of soil.


http://becomeasoilscientist.blogspot.com/p/definition-of-soil-science.html


Gemology, the study and science of gems,
can be as much an anthropological study
as it is a mineralogical one. Gemstones,
because of their remarkable beauty,
durability and rarity, have been granted a
significance that helps us understand the
history of mankind.
http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Gemology
Aging
of artifacts
based on the age of
the geological
formations in which
they are located.
Study
of the interactions of
(micro)organisms and
materials in their
environments.

http://www.groundwaterscience.com/free-article-library/well-performance-maintenance-andrehabilitation/geomicrobiology/menu-id-134.html
 Study
of ice in the environment.
Important components are
seasonal snow, sea ice, glaciers, ice
sheets and frozen ground. The
extent of these types of ice reflects
the present and past climate.

http://www.ess.washington.edu/surface/Glaciology/what.html
 Science
that encompasses the
occurrence, distribution, movement
and properties of the waters of the
earth and their relationship with the
environment within each phase of
the hydrologic cycle.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html


The study of the occurrence, movement, and
changes in the state of water in the
atmosphere. The term is also used in a more
restricted sense, especially by hydrologists, to
mean the study of the exchange of water
between the atmosphere and continental
surfaces. This includes the processes of
precipitation and direct condensation, and of
evaporation and transpiration from natural
surfaces. Considerable emphasis is placed on
the statistics of precipitation as a function of
area and time for given locations or
geographic regions
http://www.ecomii.com/science/encyclopedia/hydrometeorology
 Study
of inland waters – lakes (both
freshwater and saline), reservoirs,
rivers, streams, wetlands, and
groundwater – as ecological
systems interacting with their
drainage basins and the
atmosphere.

http://www.aslo.org/limnology.html
Study of life in the oceans and other
saltwater environments such as estuaries
and wetlands. All plant and animal life
forms are included from the microscopic
picoplankton all the way to the majestic
blue whale, the largest creature in the
sea—and for that matter in the world.


http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-biology.asp
Study
of the changes in
temperature, air pressure,
moisture, and wind direction
in the troposphere.

http://www.wxdude.com/page1.html
Mineralogy is a branch of the earth
sciences that is concerned with studying
minerals and their physical and chemical
properties. Within mineralogy there are
also those who study how minerals are
formed, where they are geographically
located, as well as their potential uses.


http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-mineralogy.htm
The
study of the deep sea
and shallow coastal oceans:
biology, chemistry, geology
and physics together.

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/academic/careers/oceanography.html


Study of climate prior to the widespread
availability of records of temperature,
precipitation and other instrumental
data. NOAA is particularly interested in
the last few thousand years because this
is the best dated, best sampled part of
the past climatic record and can help us
establish the range of natural climatic
variability in a period prior to globalscale human influence.
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/primer.html
Study of ancient or prehistoric life on
earth. Its main goal is to investigate the
evolution of plant and animal species as
well as the earth's ancient ecosystems
and climate as a whole. Although
concerned with life, paleontology is
actually a branch of geology; the study
of physical nature.


http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-paleontology.htm


Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. A
petrologist is a scientist who examines
rocks to determine their origin,
composition, and geologic history. By
studying rocks, one can learn about past
climates and geography, the past and
present composition of the Earth, and
conditions within the interior of the Earth.
http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/metals-other-materials/whatpetrology-what-does-petrologist-do
 Seismology
is the study of
earthquakes and seismic waves
that move through and around
the earth. A seismologist is a
scientist who studies earthquakes
and seismic waves.

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/waves.html
 Speleology
is a scientific discipline
that is concerned with all aspects of
caves, cave systems and other karst
features, their make-up, structure,
physical properties, history, life
forms, and the processes by which
they form and change over time.

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061024222712AAdcV27
A
branch of geology that
deals with volcanism (the
study of volcanoes).

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-volcanology.html