APUSH: Jacksonian
Democracy
Weber
217
Activator
• Chapter 10 reading test.
• Good luck you have 20 minutes
Agenda
• Activator, agenda, and objective (30
minutes)
• DBQ on Jacksonian Democracy Group
reading (30 minutes)
• DBQ Jigsaw (30 minutes)
• DBQ Writing (30 minutes)
• Exit ticket (5 minutes)
DBQ: Jacksonian Democracy
• To what extent was the Age of Jackson,
1824-1836, an age of triumphant
nationalism, an economic evolution (Market
Revolution), an age of social perfectionism,
cultural romanticism, and at the same time,
an era of divisive sectionalism.
Jacksonian Democracy DBQ
GROUP 1
• A. Electoral map of
1828
• B. Spoils system
• C. Life of Jackson
• D. Letter from Henry
Clay.
• E. Newspaper from
1832.
• F. Veto of the Bank Bill
GROUP 2
• G. SC Nullification
• H. Jackson quote
• I. The Age of Jackson
• J. Jacksonian Era
• K. Jacksonian Era
• L. Map of trail of tears
• M. Picture of
inaugeration
• N. Jacksonian Era
Jacksonian Democracy
GROUP 3
• O. Worcester vs.
Georgia
• P. Market Revolution
• Q. First Inaugural
• R. Farewell address
• S. Nullification
proclamation
• T. Henry Clay speech
GROUP 4
• U. Contemporaries
• V. Inauguration
• W. Bridge court
decision
• X. Webster
• Y. Rotation of office
• Z. Cherokee letter
• Facts and timeline
I. Triumph of democracy
• Elimination of property qualifications for
voting
– Enfranchisement of wage-earning men
– Popular pressures behind
– Uneven pace of, state by state
– Dorr War
I. Triumph of democracy
(cont’d)
B. Elements of democracy
–
–
–
–
–
Mass participation in politics
Liveliness of the public sphere
Democracy as “habit of the heart” (Alexis de Tocqueville)
Democracy as hallmark of American freedom
Democratic ideal as radical departure in Western thought
C.Boundaries of the political nation
– Inclusion of laboring white men, immigrants
– Exclusion of women, non-whites
– Shift in criteria from economic status to natural capacity
I.Triumph of democracy
(cont’d)
D.Information revolution
– Manifestations
• Mass circulation of “penny press”
• Variety of popular publications
• “Alternative” newspapers
– Contributing factors
• New printing technologies
• Low postal rates
• Rise of political party organizations
– New style of journalism
I.Triumph of democracy
(cont’d)
E.Women and public sphere
– Areas of involvement
– Areas of exclusion
F.Racial democracy
– Growing equation of democracy and
whiteness
– Rise of racist stereotypes
– Contraction of black rights
II.Nationalism and its
discontents
• The American System
– Underlying vision
• Enhancement of nation’s financial, transportation, and
manufacturing sectors
b.Active role of federal government
– Leading architects
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
– Precursors
• Congressional approval of National Road
• Gallatin plan for federal road and canal construction
II.Nationalism and its
discontents (cont’d)
• The American System
4.1815 blueprint
• National bank
• Tariff on imported manufactured goods
• “Internal improvements” (road and canals)
5.Outcome
• Enactment of tariff
• Chartering of Second Bank of the United States
(“Bank”)
• Veto of internal improvements
II.Nationalism and its
discontents (cont’d)
B.Functions and mission of Bank
C.Panic of 1819
• Causes
a. Post-war speculative fever
i. Markets for American cotton and grain
ii.Land boom in West
iii.Easy credit from local banks and Bank
b.Ebbing demand for American exports, land
• Material repercussions
a. Mass bankruptcy
b.Rising unemployment
• Political repercussions
a. Growing popular distrust of banks
b.State measures to protect debtors, challenge Bank
c. McCulloch v. Maryland
II.Nationalism and its
discontents (cont’d)
D.Missouri controversy
– Narrative
•
•
•
•
Missouri quest for statehood
Tallmadge proposal limiting slavery
Stalemate
First Missouri Compromise
– Dual admission of Missouri and Maine
– Prohibition of slavery above 36°30'
• Second Missouri Compromise
– Significance
• Sectional conflict amid “Era of Good Feelings”
• Harbinger of future crises over slavery
III.Nation, section, and
party
• Monroe Doctrine
– Background
• Latin American rebellions against Spanish colonial rule
• Establishment of independent Latin American nations
– Principles
• No further European colonization in Americas
• Noninterference by European powers in Latin American
republics
• Noninvolvement of United States in European wars
– Motivations
III.Nation, section, and
party (cont’d)
B.Election of 1824
– Candidates and their constituencies
•
•
•
•
Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
William H. Crawford
Henry Clay
2. Outcome
• Attainment by Jackson of first place in popular vote
• Attainment by Adams of electoral vote majority (in
House)
• Charges of “corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay
III.Nation, section, and
party (cont’d)
C.Presidency of Adams
– Background on Adams
– Vision for nation
• Domestic
– American System
– Activist national state
• Foreign
– Dynamic commerce around world
– U.S. hegemony in Western Hemisphere
– Achievements
• Acceleration of internal
• Increase in tariff
III.Nation, section, and
party (cont’d)
D.Gathering Jacksonian challenge
– Themes
• Individual liberty
• States’ rights
• Limited government
– Mobilization of Democratic party
• Martin Van Buren’s approach to party politics
• Quest for revived Jeffersonian coalition
E.Election of 1828
–
–
–
–
Old politics (Adams) vs. new politics (Jackson)
Scurrilous campaigning
Jackson’s victory
Affirmation of a new American politics
IV.Age of Jackson
• Contradictions of Andrew Jackson
• New mode of politics
– Political contests as public spectacle, mass
entertainment
– Politicians as popular heroes
– The party machine
• Source of jobs for constituents
• Mobilizer of voter turnout
• “Spoils system”
– National party conventions
– Party newspapers
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
C.The Democratic party
– Agenda and philosophy
• Concern over gulf between social classes
• Aversion to federal promotion of economic
development, “special interests”
• Vision of broad access to self-regulating market
• Belief in limits on federal power
• Counterposing of “producing classes” and “nonproducers”
• Individual morality as private concern
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
C.The Democratic party
2.Bases of support
•
•
•
•
•
Farmers remote from markets
Urban workers
Aspiring entrepreneurs
Catholic and immigrants
South and West
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
D.The Whig party
– Agenda and philosophy
• Receptiveness to hierarchy of social classes
• Federal promotion of economic development;
“American System”
• Individual morality as public concern
– Bases of support
•
•
•
•
•
Established businessmen and bankers
Market-oriented farmers
Large planters
Evangelical Protestants
Northeast
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
E.Nullification crisis
– Growing concern of southern planters over
national authority
– 1828 “tariff of abominations”
– Emergence of “nullification” threat
• South Carolina planter elite
• Vice President Calhoun
– “States’ rights” vs. “liberty and union”
– Climax and resolution
•
•
•
•
1832 tariff
Repudiation by South Carolina
Enactment of Force Bill by Congress
Engineering of compromise by Clay
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
F.Indian removal
– Ongoing displacement
• 1832 defeat of Black Hawk in Old Northwest (Illinois)
• 1820s expulsion of Indians from Missouri
– 1830 Indian Removal Act
• Provision for removal of “Five Civilized Tribes” from
southern states
b.Support from Jackson
c.Implications
– Repudiation of Jeffersonian idea of assimilation
– Rebuff of Indian efforts to assimilate
IV. Age of Jackson (cont’d)
F.Indian removal
2.1830 Indian Removal Act
d.Cherokee appeals to Congress, courts
e.Mixed response from Supreme Court
– Johnson v. M’Intosh
– Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
– Worcester v. Georgia
f.Jackson defiance of Supreme Court
g.Trail of Tears
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
F.Indian removal
3.Responses of remaining southern tribes
• Widespread acquiescence, voluntary departure
• Resistance by Seminoles
– Leadership of Osceola
– Assistance from fugitive slaves
– Second Seminole War
4.William Apess’s A Son of the Forest
5.Receding of Indian presence east of the
Mississippi
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
G.Bank War
– Background
• Bank as controversial symbol of market revolution
• Nicholas Biddle and the Bank
• View of Bank as union of political authority and
economic privilege
– Jackson vs. Bank
• 1832 bill extending Bank charter
• Veto by Jackson
– Significance
• Populist themes of veto message
• Affirmation of presidential power
IV.Age of Jackson
(cont’d)
G.Bank War
4.Aftermath
• Sweeping reelection of Jackson
• Gradual death of Bank
• Shift of government funds to local banks
– Victory of “soft-money” over “hard-money”
Jacksonians
ii.“Pet banks”
• Expansion of paper currency
• Speculative boom
• Decline in real wages
V.Post-Jackson era
• Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression
– Causes
• Specie Circular
• Bank of England demand for repayment in gold or silver
• Economic downturn in Britain
– Material repercussions
•
•
•
•
•
Business failures
Farmers’ loss of land
Urban unemployment
Collapse of labor movement
Defaults on state debts
V.Post-Jackson era
B. Economic policy under Van Buren administration
– Ascendancy of hard-money Democrats
– Shift of government funds from pet banks to Independent
Treasury
3. Split within Democratic party
C.Election of 1840
– Fragmenting of Democratic coalition
– Maturation of Whig party
• Adoption of Democratic party methods of organization
• Nomination of William Henry Harrison
• “Log Cabin” campaign
– Harrison’s defeat of Van Buren
– Death of Harrison
V.Post-Jackson era
D.Presidency of John Tyler
– Veto of Whig’s American System program
– Whig repudiation of Tyler
– Weakness of Tyler without party backing