Chapter 2
Terms Pertaining
to the Body as a
Whole
Cells



Cell membrane- not only surrounds and
protects the cell but also regulates what
passes into and out of the cell
Nucleus- is the controlling structure of the
cell and directs cellular reproduction,
structure and function
Chromosomes- rod-like structure within
nucleus; all humans have 23 pair or 46
individual (exception: Down syndrome)
Karatype- chromosome “map” or
sequence
Cells

Genes- region in chromosome that have an
orderly sequence and composed of DNA
 DNA- regulates the activities of cell
Cytoplasm- (cyt/o=cell, -plasm=formation)
is all the material outside of the nucleus
and enclosed by the cell membrane
Mitochondria- small, sausage-shaped
bodies that are the energy producer of
the cell by burning food in the presence
of oxygen (catabolism: cata=down, bol=to
cast, -ism= process)
Cells


Endoplasmic Reticulum- network of
canals that are like tunnel systems in
which proteins are manufactured for
cellular use or building up of complex
materials (anabolism: ana=up, bol= to
cast, -ism=process)
Anabolism + Catabolism= Metabolism:
(meta=change, bol=cast, -ism,
process)
Differences in Cells




Muscle Cells- long and slender and contains
fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
Epithelial Cells- square and flat and
provides protection (skin)
Nerve Cells- long and fibrous extensions
that aid in carrying impluses
Fat Cells- contains large empty spaces for
fat storage
Tissues

Tissue- group of similar cells that work together to
do a specific job
 Histologist- (hist/o=tissue) scientist who studies
tissues
*Epithelial- located all over body and forms the
linings of internal organs, makes up exocrine
and endocrine glands and forms skin
NOTE: epithelial can describe tissue above breast
of nipple OR tissues that cover outside of body
and lines internal organs
Tissues

Organs are tissues that are composed
of several types of tissues.

Viscera- term for internal organs
SYSTEMS: groups of organs working
together to perform complex functions
*There are 10 body systems (pg 38)
Major parts of the cell.
Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
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Karyotype of a normal male.
(From Behrman RE, Vaughn VC III [eds]: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 13th ed.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1987, page 28.)
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Types of cells.
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Body cavities.
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Divisions of the thoracic cavity.
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Abdominal cavity (side view).
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Organs of the abdominopelvic and
thoracic cavities (anterior view)
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Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic
cavities (posterior view).
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Abdominopelvic regions.
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Abdominopelvic quadrants.
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Anatomical division of the back.
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