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John Marshall
Judicial Review
Louisiana Purchase
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. His court established Judicial
Review. He was a federalist and served for 34 yrs.
 The Supreme Court’s power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional…originated in Marbury v. Madison
 1803 the purchase of French land between the Mississippi R. and the
Rocky Mts that doubled the size of the U.S.

Meriwether Lewis
 Former army captain selected by President Jefferson to explore the
Louisiana Purchase, he led the expedition known as the Lewis and
Clark expedition.
 William Clark
 American soldier, invited to be co-captain to explore the Louisiana
Purchase
 Lewis & Clark Expedition
 An expedition that began in1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase.
 Sacagawea  Shoshone woman who, along with her French husband, accompanied and aided Lewis and Clark.
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Impressment
Embargo
Embargo Act of 1807
 The practice of forcing people[le to serve in the army or navy: led to increased tensions between Great Britain and the U.S. in the early
1800’s.
 The banning of trade with a country.
 A law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries.

 Act of 1809 that replaced the Embargo Act and restored trade with all nations except Britain, France, and their colonies.
 Non-intercourse
 Tecumseh

Shawnee Chief who attempted to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlement in the Northwest Territory.
 Battle of Tippecanoe
 1811 U.S. victory over an Indian confederation that wanted to stop white settlement in the NW Territory; increased tensions between Great Britain and U.S.
 War Hawks  Members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe
 Andrew Jackson
 Treaty of Fort Jackson
 Treaty signed after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; The Creek nation were forced to give up 23 million acres of land to the U.S.
 Battle of New Orleans
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Nicknamed Old Hickory, he led the Tennessee militia to victory over Creek Indians (Horseshoe Bend). He is also the hero of the
Battle of New Orleans.
 The greatest U.S. victory in the War of 1812; actually took place 2 weeks after a peace treaty had been signed ending the war.
 Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalists in Connecticut, to protest the War of
1812.
 Treaty of Ghent
 A treaty signed by the U.S. and Britain ending the War of 1812.

Thomas Jefferson
 Election of 1800 – “Revolution of 1800”
 http://www.270towin.com/1800_El
 Feds to Dem-Reps
 Federalists – Adams & Pinckney
 Dem-Reps – Jefferson & Burr
Aaron Burr ection/
 Revolution because 1 st time U.S. has a transfer of power in gov’t
 Electoral vote went to DemReps… but was a tie b/w Jefferson and Burr
(Dem-Reps Messed it up)
 House of Reps decide the president in cases of an Electoral Vote tie
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And the sitting (Federalist) Congress decides the presidency!

 Electors – cast two ballots
 North – pro-business &
 Most votes = President manufacturing as well as centralized gov’t beliefs
 2 nd most votes = Vice-President
 DemReps didn’t throw one away, instead split the ticket in half 73/73
 South – pro-agriculture & states’ rights and decentralized power beliefs.
 It will take the Congress 36 votes before a tie is broken.
 Jefferson declared winner because of Hamilton’s help.
 The political takeover will be peaceful with only egos taking a hit.
 12 th Amendment – corrects the electoral mistake by having electors vote for one ticket (each ticket has a candidate for Pres & VP).
 The election will cement political division in America b/w North and
South.
 It goes into effect for the 1804 election.

 He is against Adams although he is
President and party leader
 Supports Pinckney, thus creating turmoil within the Fed Party
 During tie-breaker vote – support
Jefferson and convinced other Feds to vote for TJ
 Burr vs. Hamilton Duel of 1804
 Hamilton is not winning
 thought Burr lacked character and was untrustworthy.
 This comes back to bite Hamilton

rd
He believed in and wanted to:
 Limit gov’t powers

Supported the will of the majority
 Lowered military spending and size of armed forces
 Cut unpopular taxes like the Whiskey tax
 Agreed to keep the Bank of U.S.
 Jefferson had an ally in Congress –
Exec and Leg Branches were Dem-
Reps
 Only opposition was the Judiciary –
Federalists appointed before he was
President.

 Case is about a late appointment by
Adams (Marbury) that was blocked by Sec. of State Madison.
 Supreme Court decided against
Marbury claiming the law he cited was unconstitutional.
 Judicial Review will then be used in every court case after this first one and is now considered part of the unwritten Constitution.
 ESTABLISHED JUDICIAL REVIEW
 No power written in the Constitution for the Supreme court to rule on federal laws.
 They give themselves the power to do this.

 Controlled by the Spanish but given back to France in 1802.
 Napoleon (emperor) looking to use the land to restore France’s power in the world.
 Americans lost access to New
Orleans, upsetting agricultural trade in the frontier.
 Jefferson sends Livingston and
Madison to buy New Orleans only.

 Napoleon wanted to use Haiti to launch military attacks into
Louisiana.
 Lost Haiti in a slave revolt and decided to give up on Louisiana.
 Focused on Europe and offers
Louisiana for $15 million
 That is less than.03
₵ an acre
 Automatically doubles the size of the U.S. extending our land from the Miss R. to Rocky Mts.

 The expedition (Corps of Discovery) was responsible for claiming and discovering the land the U.S. had bought.
 They were to map the area, trade w/ and learn about Native groups, describe landforms, plants, and animals.
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The kept journals of everything they saw and reported back to Jefferson.
 The sailed rivers, carried boats around waterfalls, and climbed mt. ranges.
 They used Charbonneau and his wife
Sacagawea (had a baby) as interpreters and guides along their journey.
 The Corps left St. Louis, MO in May 1804
– Reached Rockies in Fall ‘05 – Reached
Pacific in Winter ‘05.
 Returned to St. Louis in Sept of ‘06

 Tasked with discovering the start of the Red River. (TX & OK)
 Discovered Pikes Peak in Colorado never reached the summit!

 World trade is a hostile environment
 Barbary Pirates (N. Africa) needed to be put down by U.S. Navy between 1801-1805
 France and England go to war again, neither want
U .
S .
to help.
 England begins Impressment methods to gain more soldiers.
 Customary in colonial times, now it outrages the young country.

 To punish Europe but only hurts the
U.S. economy.
 Lost a lot of money w/o international trade.
 Jefferson’s popularity took a big hit
 NonInter law didn’t work either and only conflict would settle the disagreement.

 Americans want land in Great
Lakes area.
 Natives want to keep their land.
 G. B. sees opportunity knocking – stop American advance.
 With G.B. aid, Tecumseh united other tribes to fight back vs.
Americans.
 Wm. H. Harrison then defeat’s
Natives (Tecumseh absent) at
Tippecanoe (1811).

 War Hawks want war with G.B. believing they mastermind conflict w/
Natives.
 They wanted land in Canada and outright independence from Britain.
 Federalists opposed war and wanted better trade options with G.B.
 Also worried about our ability to win.
 For the first time, Congress Declared war on another nation (Madison).

 Battle of Lake Erie helped secure
Great Lakes area for U.S.
 Tecumseh’s death also hurt British alliance with natives.
 Our Capital invaded and buildings burnt (White House)
 Next attack stopped in Baltimore at
Ft. McHenry (Star-Spangled Banner)
 Jackson defeat against the Creek
Nation in Alabama gave America more native land.
 Jackson then destroys British at
New Orleans…2 weeks after the
Peace Treaty was signed!