Agenda Thursday, 9/25/08
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Type Louisiana Purchase Article
Start 8.3 on page 278
Preamble Presentations Tomorrow!
The Election of 1800
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John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran for
the Federalist Party
Democratic-Republican were represented by
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
Candidates did not travel around like today.
Adam’s stated Jefferson was pro-French
radical. Also, they argued Jefferson was too
interested in science and philosophy and
wanted to destroy religion.
Democratic-Republican newspapers
responded that Adams wanted to crown
himself king.
Election continued.
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Democratic-Republicans insisted that was his
reasoning for the Alien and Sedition Acts.
1800 Election
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Jefferson and Burr had won 73 electoral votes to
Adams 65 and Pinckney 64.
Who won the election?
Why?
The House of Representatives were deadlocked
for days. Finally, Jefferson won on the 36th vote.
Twelfth Amendment
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The election marked the first time that one party
had replaced another in power in the United
States.
The problems with the voting system led
Congress to propose the Twelfth Amendment.
The Twelfth Amendment created a separate
ballot for president and vice president.
Jefferson’s Policies
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Jefferson was less formal than his
predecessors, and he wanted to limit the
powers of government.
Jefferson’s Inaugural Address
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A major theme of Thomas Jefferson’s
inaugural address: limited government and
protect civil liberties
Marbury v. Madison
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Republicans now controlled the presidency and
Congress, Federalist dominated the federal judiciary.
Federalist legislators passed the Judiciary Act of
1801 shortly before their terms of office ended.
This act created 16 new federal judgeships that
President Adams filled with Federalist before leaving
office.
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These judges became known as “midnight judges”
Justice Marbury named as the Justice of the peace did not
receive documentation until Adams left office.
New secretary James Madison refused to deliver Marbury
his documentation
Jefferson argued that the appointment of the midnight
judges was not valid.
Marbury v. Madison
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John Marshall – a Federalist appointed by John
Adams was the chief justice of the United
States.
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Jefferson and Marshall disagreed about many
political issues.
When Marshall agreed to hear Marbury’s case
Jefferson became very upset.
Marbury v. Madison – a case that helped
establish the Supreme Court’s power to check
the power of the other branches of government.
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The law that Marbury’s case depended upon was,
therefore, unconstitutional.
Judicial Review
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Denying Marbury’s request the Court
avoided a direct confrontation with
Jefferson’s administration.
Most importantly the case of Marbury vs.
Madison helped to establish the Court’s
power of judicial review, the power to
declare an act of Congress
unconstitutional.
The Louisiana Purchase
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Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana.
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Region stretched west from the mighty Mississippi River to
the Great Rocky Mountains.
Spain found it impossible to keep Americans out of the
territory.
“You can’t put doors on open country,” stated the foreign
minister of Spain.
Under a secret treaty Spain agreed to trade
Louisiana to France.
In 1802, just before handing over Louisiana to
France, Spain closed New Orleans to American
shipping.
Napoleon and Louisiana
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France was led by Napoleon Bonaparte, a
powerful ruler who had conquered most of
Europe. He wished to rebuild France’s empire in
North America.
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Use Haiti as supply base.
Enslaved Africans had revolted and freed themselves
from French rule.
Napoleon sent troops but they were defeated.
The defeat ended his hopes of rebuilding a North
America empire.
Jefferson Buys Louisiana
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France was at war with Great Britain, and
Napoleon needed money for military
supplies.
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Talleyrand offered to sell all of Louisiana (Do
you remember Talleyrand from the XYZ Affair)
Napoleon hoped that a larger United
States would challenge Great Britain.
Louisiana Purchase
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On October 20, 1803, the Senate
approved the Louisiana Purchase
agreement, which roughly doubled the
size of the United States.
Napoleon boasted, “I have given England
a rival who, sooner or later, will humble
her pride.”
Explorers Head West
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President Jefferson wanted to learn more
about the people and land of the West.
He also wanted to see if there was a river
route that could be taken to the Pacific
Ocean.
Pike’s Exploration
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In 1806 a young army officer named Zebulon
Pike was sent on another mission to the West.
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He was ordered to find the starting point of the Red
River.
Spanish cavalry arrested him and suspected him of
spying.
After being released, he praised the opportunity for
doing business with the Spanish in the Southwest.
Ch. 8 sec 3
The Coming of War
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Sailing across the ocean during the 1800s
was very dangerous for American
merchants.
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Storms
Pirates
As a result the United States sent the USS
Constitution and other large war ships to
end the conflict with pirates.
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Violations of Neutrality
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Both France and Great Britain passed law to
prevent American merchants from trading
with the other.
French and British navies captured many
American merchant ships and search them
for weapons.
Britain began stopping and searching
American ships for sailors who had run away
from the British Navy, forcing the sailors to
return to British ships.
Sometimes U.S. citizens were captured by
accident.
Impressment, or the practice of forcing
people to serve in the army or Navy, despite
Embargo
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In late 1807 Congress
passed the Embargo Act.
The laws essentially
banned trade with all
foreign countries.
American ships could not
sail to foreign ports.
American ports were also
closed to British Ships.
Embargo Act
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The effect of the law was devastating to
American merchants.
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Without foreign trade, the U.S. lost enormous
amounts of money.
The embargo damaged Jefferson’s
popularity and strengthened the Federalist
Party.
Non-Intercourse Act
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Fin 1809 Congress tried to revive the
nation’s trade by replacing the unpopular
act with the Non-Intercourse Act.
This new law banned trade only with
Britain, France, and their colonies.
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The law was no more successful than the
Embargo Act.
Conflict in the West
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British supported Native Americans who
were clashing with American settlers in the
West.
Native Americans in the Old Northwest
Territory continued to lose land.
Many Native Americans protested the
settlers arrival because they had not
agreed with the Treaty of Greenville.
Conflict Over Land
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British agents from Canada began to arm
Native Americans.
British wanted to slow American
expansion.
Rumors of British activity in the Northwest
Territory quickly spread, filling Americans
with fear and anger.
Tecumseh
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A Shawnee chief, had
watched angrily as Native
Americans were pushed
off their land.
A brilliant speaker
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Unite
William Henry Harrison
watched Tecumseh’s
activities with alarm.
1810
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In 1810 Tecumseh
met face to face with
Harrison.
He urged Tecumseh
to follow the Treaty
of Greenville.
Tecumseh replied,
“The white people
have no right to take
the land from
Indians, because
Indians had it first.
Tecumseh vs. Harrison
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Tecumseh traveled to the south to ask the Creek
nation to join his forces.
Harrison attacked during his absence.
During the battle Harrison remained calm and
collected.
During the all-day battle, Harrison’s soldiers
forced the Indian warriors to retreat and then
they destroyed Tecumseh’s village.
U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh and his
followers in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Tecumseh fled to Canada.
Call for War
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Americans were inflamed
with Britain because they
believed Britain had
encourage Tecumseh.
Several young members of
Congress – called War
Hawks by their opponents
- took the lead in calling for
war against Britain.
They saw war as the only
answer to the British
insults.
Declaring War
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Republican James
Madison was elected in
1808. He faced the
difficulty of continuing an
unpopular trade war
begun by Jefferson.
He spoke to Congress
and blasted Great Britain
for their conduct.
Congress declared war.
Madison would serve as
commander and chief
during the War of 1812.
List two events which led the
United States to declare war on
Britain.
War of 1812
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Early Battles
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Was not a quick and easy war.
British had hundreds of ships. The U.S. at this time
had only 20 ships.
Most of the British navy’s ships, were scattered
throughout the world.
When the United States would defeat the British in
one-on-one duels the American morale would
increase and the British would be embarrassed.
The Americans hoped their early sea victories could
be followed up by an overland invasion of Canada.
Planned Attacks
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Three attacks were planned – from Detroit, from
Niagara Falls, and From up the Hudson River valley
toward Montreal.
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British seized Ft. Detroit with the help of Tecumseh
State Militia would not fight on foreign soil.
Oliver Hazard Perry was able to build a small fleet of
war ships and defeat the British on Lake Erie.
With American control of Lake Erie, William Henry
Harrison marched his army into Canada.
The Battle of the Thames River in October 1813
ended British power in the Northwest.
Tecumseh died during the fight, which dealt a blow to
British and Native American alliance.
The Creek War
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Creek Indians angry with white settlers took up arms
in 1813.
They attacked Fort Mims on the Alabama River,
destroying the fort and killing close to 250 people.
As a result, the commander of the Tennessee militia,
Andrew Jackson, gathered about 2,000 volunteers to
move against the Creek Nation. They attacked the
Creeks along the Tallapoosa River
The Treaty of Fort Jackson signed in late in 1814,
ended the Creek War and forced the Creek to give up
millions of acres of land.
Great Britain on the Offensive
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British sent more troops and President
Madison was forced to flee Washington
D.C. when British forces broke through
American lines.
The British set fire to the White House, the
Capitol, and other government buildings.
Next they traveled to Fort McHenry and
shelled the fort for 25 hours.
The Battle of New Orleans
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British commanders hoped to capture the city and thus
take control of the Mississippi River.
Andrew Jackson Commanded the U.S. forces around
New Orleans. His troops were a mix of regular soldiers,
two battalions of free African Americans, a group of
Choctaw Indians, state militia, and pirates led by Jean
Lafitte.
Some 5,300 British troops attacked Jackson’s forces.
They were caught in an open field and they were cut
down. More than 2,000 British were killed or wounded.
The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a
hero and was the last major conflict of the War of 1812.
Effects of the War
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The Treaty of Ghent had been signed in Belgium
on December 24, 1814, which ended the War of
1812.
Slow communication at the time meant that
Jackson did not know that the Treaty had been
signed.
Consequences – feelings of patriotism, broke
morale of many Native American groups, and
manufacturing improved for Americans after the
war.