Section 2.1 and 2.2

A-lkaline, alkaline earth, atoms, atomic number, atomic mass, actinoid, Anions


B-oron, basic, bonds, BOHR
C-ombine, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, chart, covalent bonds, compounds, Cations
D-ioxide, ‘di’atomic, Dalton
E-lectrons, electron cloud, elements
F-lorine, flora carbons, family

G-roup, gold

H-ydrogen, hydrogen bonds
I-ons, ionic bond, ISOTOPE
J- Iodine
K-Potassium
L-itium, lanthanoid








M-etals, magnesium, mercury, Mendeleev, molecule, metalloids
N-eutrons, negative, nucleus, noble gases, neutral, non-metals, neon, nitrogen

O-xygen, oxide, oxygen group, oxidation,

P-eriodic table, protrons, positive, period
Q- Quark











R-ow, radio active, Rutherford,
S-odium, silicone, ‘shell’, symbol
T-itanium, transition metals , Thompson
U-ranium
V-alence
W- Tungsten
X-enon
Y- Yttrium
Z-inc, zigzag
 BIO.A.2.1.1
Describe the unique properties
of water and how these properties support
life on Earth
 (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat,
cohesion).
 Atom
 CHOPSN
 Proton
 Cohesion
 Neutron
 Adhesion
 Electron
 Specific
 Ionic
 Acid
Bond
 Covalent Bond
 Hydrogen Bond
 Molecule
 Base
 Solute
 Solvent
heat
 Living
things consist of atoms of different
elements
 Ions
form when atoms gain or lose electrons
 Atoms
bonds
share pairs of electrons in covalent
Type I
Response Box 1
List as many ‘points’ that pop into your head when you see this table.
DO NOT LIST INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OR SPECIFIC NUMBERS.
 The

atom is the smallest basic unit of matter
Atoms are teeny tiny
How Small Are Atoms?
 There
are three parts of a an atom
Subatomic
particle
Charge
Location
proton
_________
Positive
Nucleus
neutron
_________
electron
_________
Neutral
Nucleus
Negative
Surrounding
nucleus
 An
element is one particular type of atom ,
and it cannot be broken down into a simpler
substance by ordinary chemical means



Gold
Aluminum
Helium
 In
biology, there are SIX very important
elements






carbon
________
Hydrogen
oxygen
_________
Phosphorus
Sulfur
nitrogen
________
ELEMENTS OF LIFE
 The
number of protons determines the
identity of an element


Carbon: 6 protons
Oxygen: 8 protons
 The
number of electrons determines the
property of an element


Carbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDE
Oxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE
Response Box 2
Type I
DRAW THE DIAGRAM AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS BELOW.
Label the diagram with
Electrons(-)
Neutrons
Protons(+)
1) Protons
2) Neutrons
3) Electrons
Then, determine the name
of the element by writing
the name ABOVE the
diagram. In at least two
sentences, describe how
you determined the
identity of the atom.
 Atoms
rarely are found alone in nature
will do ANYTHING to get to 8 electrons
on the outside
 They



Steal
Dump
Share
ARGON
________________
HELIUM
________________
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
SODIUM
________________
ALUMINUM
________________
NEON
________________
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
OXYGEN
________________
Response Box 3
Type I
Think about the 4 elements that make up the MAJORITY of living
things. List them and then describe how likely they are to bond with
other elements. (Are they likely to give electrons away or take
them from other elements?)
C
H
O
N
4 valence electrons. Likely to bond in a VARIETY of ways
1 valence electrons. Likely to bond or ‘dump’ electron
6 valence electrons. Likely to bond to gain 2 electrons
5 valence electrons. Likely to bond to gain 3 electrons
A
compound is a substance made of atoms of
different elements bonded together


Result of sharing, stealing, or dumping electrons
Atoms bonded in a specific ratio
Response Box 4
Type I
Organize the parts from smallest to largest
Neutron, Atom, Electron, Proton,
Compound, Element,
Electron, Proton/Neutron, Atom, Element, Compound
CARBON
 Carbon
bonds
can form many various __________
to
form




Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Crash Course - Carbon
Ionic bonds
 __________________
are formed through
the electrical force between oppositely
charged ions

Opposites attract!
 Ex:


Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl)
Positive sodium (Na+)
Negative chloride (Cl-)
 Ions
are atoms that have gained or lost one
or more electrons .
 Results in a change in electrical charge


Gain eLose e-
becomes ________________
negative
positive
becomes ________________
 Not
all atoms easily gain or lose their
electrons!
share
 Some atoms ___________
their electrons
instead!
Covalent
 _____________
Bond: forms when atoms
share a pair of electrons


Usually a very strong bond
Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share
several electrons
 Molecule:
two or more atoms held together
by covalent bonds
 Ex: carbon dioxide (CO2)


Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer
level, oxygen needs two
Carbon shares with 2 oxygen!
Word Bank for Venn Diagram
Created by electrons
Share Electrons
Change Chemical Properties
CO2
H2O
Opposites attract
Form Compounds
Dump/Steal Electrons
Fill out shell
Stronger Bonds
Both are Bonds
NaCl
Not as Strong as Covalent
Dump/Steal
Electrons
Opposites attract
NaCl
Not as Strong as
Covalent
Created by
electrons
Both are
Bonds
Form
Compounds
Share Electrons
Fill out shell
CO2
H2O
Stronger Bonds
Change
Chemical
Properties
1. What distinguishes one element from another?
2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound.
3. What is the difference between and ionic bond and a covalent bond?
4. How does a molecule differ from an atom?
 Life
depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
 Many
compounds dissolve in water.
 Some
compounds form acids or bases.
Crash Course - Water
CELLS
•Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________),
WATER
are made up of mostly ____________________
STRUCTURE
•The water in cells gives the cell _______________
TRANSPORTS
and ___________________
materials within
organisms.
•All of the processes necessary for an
organism’s life take place within the
WATERY ENVIRONMENT of the cell
______________________________
______________________
1. HIGH
SPECIFIC HEAT
______________________
2. COHESION
______________________
3. ADHESION
Negative Charge
POLAR
•Water is a “______________”
molecule
•Form when atoms in a molecule
UNEQUAL pulls on the
have ____________
ELECTRONS
_____________ they share.
Positive Charge
Positive Charge
•Opposite charges of polar molecules can
HYDROGEN
interact to form ____________________
bonds.
Ted - water
•An attraction between a slightly
Shared Electrons
POSITIVE
_______________
hydrogen atom
and a slightly ______________
NEGATIVE
atom.
(Usually
_______________________________)
OXYGEN OR NITROGEN
•Hydrogen bonds are part of the
PROTEINS
structures of _______________
and
of ______________
DNA
Polarity Makes Water Behave Strangely
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
• Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________.
RESISTS
•Water __________________
changes in temperature because it must
_____________
more ____________________
to increase in temperature.
Absorb
heat energy
Cohesion: the attraction among
__________________
of the same
MOLECULES
substance.
Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes
water molecules _____________________.
STICK TOGETHER
Cohesion produces __________________,
SURFACE TENSION
( “skin on water” )
Capillary Action
Adhesion: the attraction among
__________________
MOLECULES of ______________
DIFFERENT
substances.
For example, water molecules stick to other
things.
Water in a test tube, (water is attracted
to the ____________)
GLASS
How does water get to the leaves in the tops of the tallest
trees against the force of gravity. Be sure to describe the
type of molecules involved and name ALL of the properties
of water that allow this phenomenon to occur.
CAPILLARY ACTION is the process where water climbs up plants
against gravity due to the cohesive and adhesive properties of
water. Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has opposite charges
at the molecule’s poles. In the ground, water ‘clumps’ together
because the water molecules are attracted to each other because
of their opposite charges. This attraction is known as COHESION.
The bonds that are formed between polar molecules are called
HYDROGEN BONDS. Water is also attracted to the cells of the plants
because the plant cells are polar as well. The attraction between
two different molecules, (water and plant), is called ADHESION.
Once again, hydrogen bonds are formed between the plant cells
and the water molecules. Hence, the water ‘climbs’ up the plant
because of the attraction to the plant cells and water ‘flows’ up
the tree because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
‘pull’ each other up the plant until they escape the leaves through
evaporation,
Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more
substances than any other liquid. This means that wherever water
goes, either through the ground, the air, or THROUGH OUR BODIES, it
takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients.
WHY? __________________________________________
IT’S POLARITY
What needs to be dissolved in the body?
Sugar
Salt
Food
 Describe
the 3 unique properties of water
and how they support life on Earth.
Materials such as
SUGARS
________________
and
____________
cannot be
OXYGEN
transported form one part
of an organism to another
unless they are dissolved
in blood, plant sap, or
other water based fluids.
SOLUTION
______________:
Mixture of a substance
that is the same
throughout.
SOLVENT
___________:
Substance that is present
in the greater amount and
dissolves another
substance.
SOLUTE
___________:
Substance that dissolves
in a solvent.
ACIDS
BASES
Some compounds form ______________
or _____________
BREAK UP
IONS
because they _______________
into _______________
WATER
when they dissolve in ___________.
BASE:
ACID:
Compounds
that release
a proton
- a hydrogen ion(H+) –
when it dissolves
in water
Compounds that
release OH- ions
from
a solution
 Draw
5 molecules of water.
 Show-with labels-the charges and hydrogen
bonds between molecules
 In your drawing, demonstrate why one side is
positive and the other is negative.
1. How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds?
2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water?
3. Compare acids and bases.
4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does
this difference affect their interactions?
5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that you
might observe during your daily life.
A detailed look at the process of
polymerization
BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely
suited to form biological macromolecules.
BIO.A.2.2.2 Describe how biological
macromolecules form from monomers.
BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function
of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids in organisms
 BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a
catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical
reaction.
 BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as pH,
temperature, and concentration levels can
affect enzyme function

 ATP
 Monomer
 Carbohydrates
 Nucleic
 Catalyst
 Dehydration
synthesis
 Hydrolysis
 lipid
acid
 Polymer
 Polymerization
 Product
 Protein
 Reactant
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBON
CH2O
WATER
THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE
“POLYMER”
POLYMERIZATION
MANY
PROCESS
THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE
“POLYMER”
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
UNDO WATER PROCESS
PUT TOGETHER
THE PROCESS OF FORMING A MACROMOLECULE
“POLYMER”
 Monomer- one molecule
 Nucleic
acid- genetic information
 Polymer- many molecules, (macromolecules)
 Polymerization- process of taking monomers and making polymers
 Product- outcome/result of a chemical reaction
 Protein- polymer made up of amino acids
 Reactant- parts involved in a chemical reaction
 ATP-
ENERGY molecule needed by body cells
 Carbohydrates-molecules made up carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hydrates)

Catalyst- start chemical reactions and lowers the amount of energy needed to initiate reaction
 Dehydration
synthesis- putting something together by removing water
 Hydrolysis- pulling something apart by adding water
 Lipid- fatty molecule
polymers from smaller
large molecules (_________)
ones (__________)
monomers
 Building
• Several step process
ALL KINDS OF POLYMERS
 Polymer
or Monomer?
glucose
Both are _____________
together
enzyme
enzyme carries out a reaction between the
__________
two monomers
 This
Dehydration ___________:
synthesis
• ___________
Joins two
molecules together by REMOVING
_______
water
AKA: condensation reaction
H2O
________
two
REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!
 The
enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration
molecule is
synthesis reactions until a macro ___________
created

EX: ______________
starch
Each one of
these
monomers is
glucose
___________
Dehydration
Synthesis
Play-by-Play
You better believe it!
 Process
hydrolysis
called ____________.
hydro
• “ __________”
means water
• “ __________”
means to split or loosen
lysis
adding water
• This enzyme works by _________
to a polymer
General process name: depolymerization
turning polymers back into monomers
ENZYME
H2O
What was previous a dimer is now two ______________
again
monomers
 Carbon
atoms have unique bonding
properties.
 Four
main types of carbon-based molecules
are found in living things.
PROTEIN
____________________
LIPIDS
____________________
CARBOHYDRATES
____________________
ATP
____________________
NUCLEIC ACID
____________________
Crash Course – You are what
you eat
Bozeman – Molecules of life
 Each
subunit of a complete carbonbased molecule is called a
monomer
______________
polymer
_____________
is a large
molecule, or macromolecule, made
of many monomers bonded together
A


Monomers of a polymer may be the
same (ex. Starches)
Or different (proteins)
COMPOUND
BUILDING BLOCK
(POLYMER)
(MONOMER)
PROTEIN
AMINO ACID
LIPID (FAT)
FATTY ACID
CARBOHYDRATE
SUGARS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDE
1.
Amino Acids are to proteins as nucleotides are to ____________________.
2.
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are to carbohydrates as carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, sulfer, and nitrogen are to ________________
3.
Glucose is to monosaccaride as ____________________ is to polysaccaride.
4.
Amino acid is to
5.
DNA is to nucleic acid as ____________________________ is to protein
Bozeman - Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates
are molecules composed of
hydrogen
carbon, ______________,
and oxygen



Include sugars & starches
Can be broken down to provide useable energy
for cells
Major part of plant cell structure
 The
most basic carbs are simple sugars,
monosaccharides
_______________________
polymers
are ______________
of
monosaccharides
 Polysaccharides
Bozeman - Carbohydrates
 Proteins
are the most varied of the carbonbased molecules in organisms

Have a role in movement, eyesight, digestion,etc
A
protein is a polymer made of monomers
called amino acids
Amino acids
 _________________
are molecules that
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sometimes sulfur


Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build
proteins
The body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8 come
from food
Bozeman - Proteins
Bozeman - Lipids
 Lipids
are nonpolar molecules that include
fats, oils, and cholesterol
Contain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen &
hydrogen
 Energy storage
cell membrane
 Phospholipids make up _____________________
Fatty acids
 ________________
are chains of carbon

atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.


Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon
bonds (solid @ room temp)
Unsaturated fatty acids have double carboncarbon bonds (liquid @ room temp)
Bozeman - Lipids
You Are What You Eat: Organic Molecules
ENERGY CARRYING
•MAJOR ___________
___________ MOLECULE IN CELL.
CARBOHYDRATES AND __________
LIPIDS
•ENERGY IN __________________
AND
PROTEINS
_____________________
MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO
ATP IN CELL TO BE USED.
Bozeman – Nucleic acids
 Detailed
instructions to build proteins are
stored in extremely long carbon-based
molecules called nucleic acids

Nucleic acids
____________________
are polymers that are
made up of monomers called nucleotides
PROTEIN
•HAVE ALL INFO NEEDED TO MAKE __________.
BLUE PRINT
•“_______________”
OF LIFE.
•BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEOTIDES
_____________.
DNA
RNA
•TWO TYPES: ________
AND _______.
Bozeman – Nucleic acids
1. What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer?
Monomers are the basic units of organic compounds that make up
Polymers, (which are macromolecules of organic compounds)
2. Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to
describe the monomers that make up the polymers.
Nucleic acids are made up of the monomers called nucleotides and
proteins are made up of the monomers called amino acids.
Therefore they are both polymers.
3. How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different?
Both carbohydrates and lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They
differ in the way they provide organisms energy: Carbs provide short term energy,
and lipids provide long term energy. (Diagrams-carbs are arranged in ‘rings’ and
lipids are long carbon ‘chains’
4. Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the
large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things?
Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, it allows carbon to be
versatile with bonding properties. Carbon can bond in several arrangements: chains,
branches, and rings. It can form single and double covalent bonds.
 Describe
the unique characteristics of carbon
that allow it form biological macromolecules
 Explain
how you would identify each
macromolecule by looking at a diagram of
the macromolecule.
Chemical Reactions
 Bonds
break and form during chemical
reactions.
 Chemical
reactions release or absorb energy.
 Bonds
break
&
form
during chemical
reactions


Plant/Animal cells break down sugars to get
usable energy
Cells build protein molecules by bonding amino
acids together
 Chemical
reactions change substances into
different substances by breaking and forming
chemical bonds
SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHILE GETTING A DATE FOR DANCE

are the substance changed during a
chemical reactions
Reactants

Oxygen (O2) & Glucose (C6H12O6)
are the substances made by a
chemical reaction
 Products

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Water (H2O)
6O2 + C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O
 Energy
needed to break bonds in molecules
is __________
released
 Energy is ___________
when bonds are formed
 Generous
chemical RXNs that release more
energy than they absorb



= Exothermic reaction
Excess energy is the difference in bond energy
between the reactants and products
Excess energy is often released as heat or light

Cellular respiration releases usable energy for your
cells & heat!
 Greedy
chemical RXNs that absorb more energy
than they release

=

Endothermic
reaction
In photosynthesis, plants absorb energy from sunlight and
use that to make sugars and carbohydrates
 Some
energy must first be absorbed by the
reactants in ANY chemical reaction


The amount of energy needed will vary
is the amount of energy
that needs to be absorbed for a chemical
reaction to start
Activation energy

Push a rock up a hill
1. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down into water (H2O) and oxygen
(O2). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants
and the products in the reaction?
2. How does energy related to the formation and breaking of bonds?
3. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?
Enzymes
Enzyme Animation
Bozeman - Enzymes
A
catalyst lowers activation energy.
 Enzymes
allow chemical reactions to occur
under tightly controlled conditions.
 To
start a chemical RXN, activation energy is
necessary


The reaction may happen very slowly
Reactants may not interact enough, may not be
high enough concentration
 Activation
energy & rate of a chemical
reaction can be changed by a chemical
catalyst


decreases
A catalyst is a substance that _______________
the activation energy needed to start a reaction
rate
Also increases the ________
of the reaction
Enzymes
 _____________
are catalysts for reactions
in living things



Lower the activation energy
Increase the rate of the reaction
Do not effect chemical equilibrium

Does not change the direction of the reaction
 Almost


all enzymes are
proteins
Depend on their structure to function correctly
Conditions such as temperature and pH can
affect the function
 An
enzyme’s structure is vital because their
shape allows only certain reactants to bind
to the enzyme

The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on
are called substrates
 Substrates
called


bind to enzymes at specific places
active sites
Substrates exactly fit the active sites of
enzymes, like a key exactly fits a lock
This is why if an enzyme’s structure changes, it
may not work
Quia Quiz
Enzyme Song
1. How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical
reaction?
2. Describe how the interaction between an enzyme and its substrates
changes a chemical reaction.
3. Some organisms live in very hot or very cold acidic environments.
Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not?
4. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme’s active site
are changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?
 Explain
how changes in environment impacts
an enzyme
Be sure to include the terms: denature, active site, substrate, pH,
and temperature.
Monomer
Polymer
Function
Elements
Put them all together!