Plant Kingdom
Chapters 24 - 27
Plant Characteristics
Very diverse
 Autotrophic – use photosynthesis to
make food
 Multi-cellular
 Eukaryotic type cells
 Successful on land: absorb nutrients,
prevent dehydration, reproduce on
land.

Adaptations of Plants

Be able to live on land:
– Roots: with mycorrhizae
- Reproduction on land: pollen carries
sperm
- Vascular tissue – transport water
– Prevent water loss:
– waxing layer on leaves
 Stomata – pores in leaves that allow for gas
exchange
 Cuticle
Stoma
Plant Life Cycle


Called alternation
of generations
Two generations:
– Gametophyte (n) –
gamete producing
stage
– Sporophyte – spore
producing (2n),
Example of alternation
of generations
Ex. Of alternation of
generations 2
Meiosis
Sporophyte (2n)
gametophyte
Kinds of Plants
1.
2.


Have a cuticle and stoma
Nonvascular plants
No Seeds
Lack vascular tissue
that transports water
and nutrients.
Examples: mosses,
liverworts, hornworts
Liverworts
No cuticle or stomata, no cells to transport water
Hornworts
Have a stoma and
cuticle
Seedless Vascular

Plants
2. Ferns
– Produce spores
– Has vascular tissue
(simple)
sprorophyte
Fern gametophyte
Seed Plants

Advantages of Seeds
– Consists of an embryo
– Contains a supply of food
– Protection of embryo
– dispersal
– Squeege
Cycads



Only in tropics and
subtropics
Separate male and
female plants
Not a palm tree!!
2. Ginkgo


Male and female
plants
Only 1 species
around today
3. Gymnosperms




Seeds develop in a
cone
“naked seeds”
No fruit or flowers
Successful:
– Seeds
– Wind pollination
– Examples: conifers
4. Angiosperms



Flowering plants
“case seed” –
seeds contained in
a fruit.
Flowers attract
pollinators such as
insects, birds,…
Types of Angiosperms

Monocots
– One seed leaf
– Flower parts in
multiples of 3
– Leaves with parallel
veins
Angiosperms : Dicots

Dicots
– 2 seed leaves
– Flower parts in
multiples of 2, 4, 5
– Leaves with
branching veins
Flower Parts

Use your handout
to label the parts of
the flower.
Flowers attract
See the “bull’s eye” ?
How do Bees see?
Looks like a landing pad!!
Sexual Reproduction




Male gamete – pollen
Female gamete –
ovule
Pollination – transfer of
pollen to structures that
contain ovules
Fertilization leads to
seed formation
Seed Parts (after
fertilization)




Seeds contain
embryos
Seed coat: outer
layer, for protection
Endosperm – food
for embryo
Cotyledons – seed
leaves, help in
transfer of nutrients
hilium
cotyledon
plumule
Embryo
Embryo Parts
1. Plumule – first
shoot
2. Epicotyl – pushes
new stem above
surface
3. Hypocotyl – just
below epicotyl
4. Radicle – primary
root
epicotyl
hypocotyl
Fruits – Ripened Ovary

Purpose: Seed
Dispersal
Two Types:
Fleshy –

Dry -


Simple Fruits
Multiple Fruit
Chapter 26
Plant adaptations to land.
Tissue Types in plants




1. Dermal tissue –
protective outer layer,
waterproof
Ex. Epidermis – skin
on non-woody plants
Ex. Cork – “skin” of
woody stems and roots
Found in leaves, roots,
stems
2. Ground Tissue


Found on the inside
of plants
Functions:
– A. Leaves –
photosynthesis
– B. Roots/stems –
storage of water,
sugar, starch
3. Vascular Tissue


Function –
conducts water,
minerals, and
sugars throughout
plant
Two types of:
– 1. Xylem
– 2. phloem
a. Xylem Vascular
Tissue

Transports water
and minerals from
roots to leaves
b.

Phloem Vascular Tissue
Transports sugars
Plant Structures
Roots, Stems, Leaves
A. Roots


Function: anchor,
absorb water and
minerals, storage
Types of roots:
– A. Taproots –
– B. Fibrous roots -
Roots



Root cap – area of
growth
(apical)Meristem growth tissue
Root hairs – for
absorption
Cross Section of Roots



Vascular tissue in
middle. (xylem and
phloem)
Cortex – storage of
starch
Epidermis -
Monocot Root
Dicot Root
Root Cross Section
Stems


Function: support
and transport
Two types of stems:
– Herbaceous
stems: flexible and
green



Vascular bundles:
xylem and phloem
Pith – ground tissue
Cortex – epidermis
tissue.
Monocot
Dicot
Woody Stems



Examples: trees,
shrubs
Heartwood – wood
in the center (old
xylem)
Sapwood – outside
of heartwood,
functioning
sapwood
Cross section of
stem
woody
Pith – storage tissue
Xylem – trans. Water
Phloem – trans.
Sugar
Cortex – storage
Bark – cork (young
trees and phloem
Growth
rings:
Spring xylem –
Summer xylem -
The Leaf




Site of
photosynthesis
Petiole – attaches
leaf to a stem
Simple leaf – one
blade
Compound leaf –
two or more leaflets
Simple Leaf –single
blade
compound leaf
Compound Leaf

- Alternate
Whorled
- Opposite
Opposite
Leaf Anatomy

Upper and lower
epidermis – protection
– Cuticle – waxy layer,
protection
– Guard cells- control
opening of the stoma
– Stoma – opening on the
epidermis for gas
exchange.
Leaf anatomy

Mesophyll –
photosynthesis
– Spongy – bottom of
leaf, gas exchange
– Palisade layer –
photosynthesis

Vein – xylem and
phloem
Pine Needle cross section
Transpiration
A. Transport of water
 Transpiration –
loss of water from
plant
 Pulling of water in
xylem (cohesion)
 Osmosis – water to
root
Stomata Function
Refer to handout.
Computer Lab:
Chapter 21-2

Plant Growth

Primary Growth – increases length or
height of a plant.
– Apical meristems – located at tips of
stems and roots
Secondary Growth


Growth in girth or
width
Growth tissue:
– Cork cambium – in
bark, produces cork
cells
– Vascular
cambium- lies
under bark,
produces vascular
tissue