U.S. History
Goal 2
Expansion and Reform
(1801 - 1850)
I. The Nation Expands
II. A U.S. Culture Evolves
III. Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
IV. Political Events & Issues Contributing to Sectionalism
V. Reform Movements (1800-1850)
September 11, 2011
2.I The Nation Expands
2.I The Nation Expands
2.I The Nation Expands
2.I The Nation Expands
2.I The Nation Expands
Slavery was the primary issue facing the
nation in the early 1800s.
• U.S. Expansion and the Cherokee
• Cherokee
• Sequoyah
• Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Worchester v. Georgia (1832)
• Trail of Tears
• Webster-Asheburton Treaty (1842)
• set border with Canada
• 49th parallel
Sequoyah
2.I The Nation Expands
2.I The Nation Expands
1. What was the primary issue facing the U.S. in the early 1800s?
2. How were the Cherokee different from most other Native Americans
concerning their relationship with white Americans?
3. What law authorized the removal of the Cherokee and several other tribes
from the southeastern U.S.?
4. What Supreme Court case ruled on the Cherokee removal? What was its
decision?
5. What was the Trail of Tears?
6. What was the significance of the Webster-Asheburton Treaty?
2.I The Nation Expands
• The Vision of Westward Expansion
• Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
• William Clark
• Meriwether Lewis
• Oregon Trail
2.I The Nation Expands
• Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
• Missouri (slave)
• Maine (free)
• 36o30”
- north of free
- south of slave
2.I The Nation Expands
1. What was the purpose of the Lewis & Clark Expedition?
2. List the three parts of the Missouri Compromise.
3. What is another name for the Missouri Compromise?
2.I The Nation Expands
• Texas: Independence and Annexation (1836 / 1845)
• Stephen Austin
• General Antonio Santa Anna
• Sam Houston
• The Alamo
• annexed (1845)
• Election of 1844
• election of 1844
• James K. Polk
• annexation of Texas
2.I The Nation Expands
1. Who was Stephen Austin?
2. Who was Sam Houston?
3. What was the name of the mission where Texans held off Santa Anna’s
Mexican army while Sam Houston raised an army for the defense of Texas?
4. Who won the Election of 1844?
5. What was the key issue of the Election of 1844?
6. Under which president did the U.S. gain the most territory?
2.I The Nation Expands
• Annexation of Oregon (1846)
• Convention of 1818
• “54-40, or fight!”
• Mexican War (1846-1848)
• Manifest Destiny
• General Zachary Taylor
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
• Mexican Cession
• The Wilmot Proviso (1846)(failed)
• slavery prohibited in lands part
of the Mexican Cession
2.I The Nation Expands
1. What was the Convention of 1818?
2. What does the term “54-40, or fight” mean?
3. What was Manifest Destiny?
4. How did the annexation of Texas lead to the Mexican War?
5. What officially ended the Mexican War?
6. What was the Mexican cession?
7. What was the Wilmot Proviso?
2.I The Nation Expands
2.I The Nation Expands
• California Becomes a State
• Gold Rush of 1849
• “49ers”
• Compromise of 1850
• (more later)
• Gadsen Purchase (1853)
• southern transcontinental
railroad
2.I The Nation Expands
1. What caused the Gold Rush of 1849?
2. Who were the “49ers”?
3. How the discovery of gold in California affect the U.S. politically?
4. Why did the U.S. make the Gasden Purchase?
Territorial Expansion
2.2 A U.S. Culture Evolves
• nationalism
• neoclassical architecture
• Alex de Tocqueville
• Democracy in America
• Language, Art, and Literature
• Noah Webster
• Hudson River School of Artists
• Washington Irving
• Edgar Allen Poe
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• James Fennimore Cooper
2.2 A U.S. Culture Evolves
1. Define nationalism.
2. What is neoclassical architecture?
3. Who wrote Democracy in America, and what did he say about the U.S.?
4. What was the Hudson River School of Artists?
6. List the significant work of each of the following:
- Noah Webster
- Washington Irving
- Edgar Allen Poe
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- James Fennimore Cooper
7. Why were their works significant?
2.2 A U.S. Culture Evolves
• Transcendentalism
- emphasized individualism
and self-reliance, rather than
religious faith
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
• “civil disobedience”
• Dr. M.L. King, Jr.
2.2 A U.S. Culture Evolves
1. What was transcendentalism?
2. Who was Henry David Thoreau?
3. What is “civil disobedience”?
4. Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson?
5. What modern-day civil rights leader advocated “civil disobedience”?
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
• Technological Advances and the United States Economy
• sectionalism
• “”king cotton”
• interchangeable parts
• First Industrial Revolution
• Samuel Slater
• factory system
• plantation system
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
1. Define sectionalism.
2. What does the term “king cotton” mean?
3. What did Samuel Slater do to help the American Industrial Revolution?
4. What was the factory system?
5. What was the plantation system?
6. Who is credited with first manufacturing interchangeable parts?
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
• Erie Canal
• 1825
• Robert Fulton
• developed the first commercially successful steamboat in 1807
• Clermont
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
• National Road (1818)
• Maryland  Ohio River in present-day West Virginia
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
1. What was the Erie Canal, and what was its significance?
2. What was the National Road, and what was its significance?
3. Who was Robert Fulton?
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
• Technology and Western Expansion
• Samuel F.B. Morse
• telegraph
• John Deere
• steel plow
• Cyrus McCormick
• reaper
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
1. Place the invention by its inventor:
- Samuel F.B. Morse
- John Deere
- Cyrus McCormick
2. What was the significance of each of the inventions?
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
• Social Issues and Sectional Differences
• Slavery
• Comparing the Differences in the North and the South
South
North
• agrarian (primarily cotton)
• industrial (manufacturing)
• plantation system (slaves)
• relied on poor immigrant laborers
• few European immigrants
• favored high protective tariffs;
exported much
• manufactured little; imported
much; opposed high tariffs
• favored strong state government;
feared federal government would
restrict slavery
• wanted strong federal
government to build roads and
railways, protect trading interests
and regulate national currency
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
1. What were five economic and social characteristics of the South?
2. What were four economic and social characteristics of the North?
3. What was the key political issue in U.S. during the early 1800s?
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
• Immigration and Nativism
• Nativism
• Know-Nothings
• abolition
2.3 Economic and Social Issues (1800-1850)
1. Define nativism.
2. Who were the “Know-Nothings”?
3. Define abolition.
4. Why did the nativists dislike foreigners?
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• President James Monroe and
Secretary of State John Quincy
Adams
• The Western Hemisphere was
closed to further colonization by
Europeans.
• The U.S. would firmly oppose
European intervention in the
Western Hemisphere.
• The U.S. would not involve
itself politically in the affairs of
Europe.
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
• Henry Clay’s American System
1. Protective Tariff
• Tariff of 1816
2. Internal Improvements
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• only the federal government
can regulate interstate
commerce
3. Strong National Bank
• Second National Bank (1816)
Great Dismal Swamp Canal in N.C.
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
• Era of Good Feelings
• Presidents James Monroe’s Administration (1816-1824)
• President Monroe deliberately downplayed partisanship
• Started ~ 1814
• Hartford Convention
• ended the Federalist Party
• Ended: ~ 1824
• Election of 1824
• “Corrupt Bargain”
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
1. Discuss the Monroe Doctrine.
2. Who proposed the American System, and what were its three
components?
3. What was the purpose of the American System?
4. What was the significance of Gibbons v. Ogden?
5. What was the “Era of Good Feelings”?
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
• Growing Sectionalism
• Panic of 1819
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
• slave codes
• Election of 1824 and John Quincy Adams
• “Corrupt Bargain”
• “Tariff of Abominations” (1828)
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
1. What were slave codes?
2. What was sectionalism?
3. What was Nat Turner’s Rebellion, and how did it affect the lives of slaves?
4. Discuss the Election of 1824.
- the candidates and winner
5. Why was the Election of 1824 called a “Corrupt Bargain”?
6. What was the “Tariff of Abominations”?
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
• President Andrew Jackson
• “Jacksonian Democracy”
• suffrage
• spoils system
• South Carolina Nullification Crisis
• John C. Calhoun
• secede???
• Compromise of 1833
Andrew Jackson
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to Sectionalism
The Growing Electorate, 1824 - 1840
Presidential Election
Total Popular Vote
1824
350,671
1828
1,155,350
1832
1,318,406
1836
1,500,802
1840
2,404,118
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
1. President Andrew Jackson’s support for the common man and his form of
politics was called what?
2. What qualification for suffrage was dropped under Jackson?
3. How did Jackson use the spoils system?
4. Discuss the South Carolina Nullification Crisis.
5. What ended the South Carolina Nullification Crisis?
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
• Jackson’s Battle with the Bank
• McCullough v. Maryland
• election of 1832
• “pet banks”
• Panic of 1827
• Whig Party (1834)
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
• Daniel Webster
• Election of 1840
• William Henry Harrison
• first Whig president
2.4 Political Events & Issues Contributing to
Sectionalism
1. What was the significance of McCullough v. Maryland?
2. What were Jackson’s “pet banks”?
3. Who formed the Whig Party?
4. Why was the Whig Party formed?
5. Who was the first Whig president?
6. Why did the Whig Party eventually fall?
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
• Second Great Awakening
• Second Great Awakening
• Charles G. Finney
• “revivals”
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
1. When and what was the Second Great Awakening?
2. Who was Charles G. Finney?
3. How did the Second Great Awakening affect reform movements?
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
• Different Reform Movements
• Educational Reform, Prison Reforms, and the Mentally Disabled
• Horace Mann
• education
• Dorothea Dix
• mentally disabled
• prison reform
Dorothea Dix
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
• Different Reform Movements
• The Abolitionist Movement
• William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator”
• Sarah & Angelina Grimke
• Frederick Douglass
• David Walker
“The North Star”
“Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”
• Temperance and the Women’s Rights Movement
Frederick Douglass
• Seneca Falls Conference
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Lucretia Mott
• Declaration of Sentiments
• Susan B. Anthony
• Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
1.To which reform movement was Charles Mann a leader?
2. List two reform movements that Dorothea Dix advocated.
3. What reform did abolitionists support?
4. List three white and three African-American abolitionists.
5. List the publisher/author for each of the following publications.
- The Liberator
- The North Star
- Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
6. What did the temperance movement advocate?
7. What was the Seneca Fall Conference and who organized it?
8. What was the Declaration of Sentiments?
9. Who was Susan B. Anthony?
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
• Utopian Communities
• New Harmony
• Oneida
• Brook Farm
• Charles Fourier
• New Lebanon
• Shakers
Oneida Community Mansion
2.5 Reform Movements (1800-1860)
1. What were utopian communities?
2. Were utopian communities successful or unsuccessful? Why?
3. Who founded Brook Farm?
4. List four utopian communities that we discussed.