Chapter 9 – Section 9.1 – Cellular Growth – guided notes with text – 2012
What is the main idea?
cell size limitation - There is a limit to cell size!
The key (main) factor that limits the size of a cell is ____________________________________________+__________
SURFACE AREA refers to _______________________________________________________________________________
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What does the plasma (cell) membrane do? ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
VOLUME refers to ___________________________________________________________________________________
As the cell grows, its __________________________ increases MORE RAPIDLY than the_________________________.
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This means _________________________________________________________________________________
By remaining small, cells have a higher ratio of surface area to volume and can sustain themselves more easily!
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What is another task that can be managed more easily by a small cell? _________________________________
Cells remain small to maximize ________________________________________________________________ and
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Small cells maintain ________________________________________________________________________________
Cell size also affects the ability of a cell to _______________________________________________________________
the cell cycle - Once a cell reaches its size limit (its maximum size) something must happen –
either…____________________________________ or _____________________________________
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most cells will ___________________________________________________
when a cell divides it is called _____________________________________________ or cell reproduction
Cell division does 2 things. Cell division….
not only (1) ___________________________________________________________________________
but it also (2) _________________________________________________________________________
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the __________________________________________
 each time a (single) cell goes through one complete cycle, it becomes _______________ cells
 when the cell cycle is repeated again and again, the result is _________________________________________
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there are ________ main stages of the cell cycle
INTERPHASE – the cell grows, carries out cellular functions and replicates its DNA
MITOSIS – the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material (DNA) divide
CYTOKINESIS – the cell’s cytoplasm (and its contents) divides, creating 2 cells
Duration of the cell cycle varies… depending on the (type) of cell that is dividing…
 some eukaryotic cells might complete the cycle in as few as _____________________________
 others might take up to ________________________________
 for most normal, animal cells, the cell cycle takes approximately ________ hours
interphase = G1 + S + G2
cell division = mitosis + cytokinesis
Interphase is the stage during which…
 the cell ____________________________________________________________________________
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replicates/duplicates (makes copies) _____________________________________________________
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is divided into ____ stages: ____________________________________________________________
G1 (or Gap 1) is the period _______________________________________________________________________
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during G1__________________________________________________________________________________
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some cells, such as ________________________________________ exit the cycle and do not divide again
S (or Synthesis) is the period when _______________________________________________________
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chromosomes _______________________________________________________________________
chromatin __________________________________________________________________________
the cell also _________________________________________________________________________
G2 (or Gap 2) follows the S stage and is the period when _______________________________________
When interphase (G1, S, G2) is completed, mitosis and cytokinesis will follow!
PROKARYOTIC CELLS (BACTERIA) do not undergo cell division in the same way
 prokaryotic cells reproduce by ______________________________________
 in this process…
1. single, circular chromosome (of DNA) copies itself
2. the cell splits into 2 cells
2 types of eukaryotic cell division – mitosis and meiosis
MITOSIS makes ….
MEIOSIS …
 _____ cells
 _____ cells
 _________ (somatic) cells
 ______(germ) cells
 maintains the chromosome #
 reduces the chromosome # by ½
 _________________cells (2n)
 ________________ cells (n)
 cells are genetically _________________
 cells are genetically __________________
 used for ______________________________
 used for ______________________________
_______________________________________
 involves a ____________________________
________________________________________
 DOES NOT involve a cell cycle
PLOIDY - refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell
DIPLOID CELLS (2n) have ______complete sets of chromosomes – one set from each parent
 somatic (body) cells are diploid
HAPLOID CELLS (1n) have only ______ set of chromosomes
 sex cells (sperm and egg) are haploid
POLYPLOID CELLS – have _______________________________________
 common in plants, fatal in animals
Section 9.2 - Mitosis And Cytokinesis
What is the main idea?
What is the key activity of mitosis? ________________________________________________________________
Mitosis results in 2 __________________________ cells that are ____________________________________.
Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis?
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
4 stages of mitosis – PMAT – prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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When a cell is not dividing, the DNA is present in strands called _____________________________
Before cell division, the DNA will replicate (copy itself) and begin to condense (become more compact)
Eventually ,this will form double-stranded ____________________________ (rod-like structures)
A double-stranded chromosome has….
2 identical parts called _________________________ …..
held together by a __________________ (protein disc)
the stages of mitosis
PROPHASE
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chromatin tightens and forms (double stranded) chromosomes
chromatids
spindle apparatus forms
nuclear membrane begins to break down and disappear
composed of 2 sister
Why is the spindle apparatus important? ____________________________________________________________________________
How is the spindle apparatus in a plant cell different from an animal cell? _____________________________________________
What is a centriole and what is its function? _________________________________________________________________________
METAPHASE - CHROMOSOMES (sister chromatids) are pulled toward the center (equator) of the cell
ANAPHASE - CHROMOSOMES (sister chromatids) are pulled apart and move toward the poles of the cell
TELOPHASE - single stranded chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax into chromatin
 nuclear membrane reforms (AROUND 2 DISTINCT NUCLEI)
 2 identical sets of genetic material are in the cell
Why is mitosis necessary? _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
How is mitosis different as we age?
 Mitosis occurs very quickly during the early stages of life
 Mitosis continues to occur fairly rapidly as we grow
 However, in adulthood and into old age the process slows.
cytokinesis
What happens in cytokinesis? ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Cytokinesis results in _____ “daughter” cells
o each genetically identical
Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells
o animal cells form a _____________________
o plant cells form a ______________________
Interphase, the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis are shown
in the pictures below. The pictures are not shown in the correct order. Number the pictures (1 to 6) and
write the name of the stage below each picture.
Section 9.3 cell cycle regulation
What is the main idea?
Normal cell cycle
 the timing and rate of cell division is important to the health of an organism
 the rate of cell division varies depending on the type of cell
 ____________________________ (proteins) - help regulate the cell cycle
 the cell cycle has built in “check points” that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong
Abnormal cell cycle(s)
An abnormal cycle results if cells do not respond to normal control mechanisms .
Cancer _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Cancer cells grow and divide_____________________________________________________ __________
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Cancer is due to _________________________________________________________________________
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Carcinogens are _________________________________________________________________________
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How does the amount of UV radiation affect cancer? __________________________________________
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The risk of cancer _________________________________________ with age.
Masses of cells are called TUMORS – Malignant Tumors versus Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors (CANCER) - invade and destroy nearby tissues; are life-threatening
Benign Tumors - do not invade other tissues; are not life-threatening
Apoptosis _________________________________________________________________________________
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How is apoptosis helpful? _________________________________________________________________
examples ______________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cells ________________________________________________________________________________
2 basic types of stem cells are:
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
What is special about stem cells?
 they have the ability to renew themselves through mitosis and develop into a many different cell types
 they have potential medical uses in disease treatment because they are not specialized in structure and function
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS –
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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
ADULT STEM CELLS –
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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
USES OF STEM CELLS 
_______________________________________________________________________________________