12/15/14
PM Review
Please pull out study guide and a
piece of paper to take notes.
Finals
• 100 ?’s scan tron
• 85 minutes to take test
Earth Science Review Concepts
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Layers of Earth
Convection
Plates
Minerals
Rocks
Earthquakes
Relative Dating
Science basics
5.1 Earth’s Interior
1. What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust,
mantle, and core?
5.1 Earth’s Interior
2. What is the composition of each layer of the
Earth
Crust = solid rock on land and ocean floor
Mantle = very hot, solid rock
Core = Iron & Nickel
5.2 Convection and the Mantle
1. How is heat transferred?
Through convection currents
5.2 Convection and the Mantle
2. What causes convection currents and relation
to density?
Hot rises, cool sinks
5.2 Convection and the Mantle
3. What causes convection currents in the
mantle?
4. How do convection currents relate to plate
tectonics?
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
1. What is plate tectonics?
The theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are
in constant motion, driven by convection
currents and oceanic crust
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
2. What evidence supports the theory?
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Rock formations
Physical evidence on crust
Earthquakes/volcanoes
Fossils
Magnetic strips
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
3. What causes the movement of Earth’s
lithospheric plates?
Convection currents  plates to move
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
4. What forms as a result of movement of plates
at each boundary?
Divergent = rift valley, mid ocean ridge (sea floor
spreading)
Convergent = subduction - trench; colliding mountains
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
5. What processes are involved in the
movement of the Earth’s plates that causes
volcanoes and earthquakes?
Volcanoes = boundaries of plates
subduction zones
divergent areas
hot spots
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
5. What processes are involved in the
movement of the Earth’s plates that causes
volcanoes and earthquakes?
Earthquakes = stress from plates
convergent
transform
5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
6. What is subduction? How does a trench
form?
3.1 Properties of Minerals
1. What is a mineral
SNIFC
Solid
Naturally Occurring (not man made)
Inorganic (non living)
Formula (consistent chemical formula – not a rock)
Crystal structure
3.1 Properties of Minerals
2. Properties
Color
• Easy to observe
• Not always a clear way to identify
Streak
• Streak: the color of its powder
• Colors of minerals may vary but streak does
not
Luster
• Luster: how much light is reflected from a
mineral’s surface
Metallic - Galena
Glassy - Topaz
Waxy, greasy, or pearly
- Talc
Submetallic/dull graphite
Silky - Malachite
Earthy - Hematite
Density
• Density: how much mass there is in a given
space
• D = m/v or water displacement
Hardness
• Hardness: determined by a scratch test
– A mineral can scratch any material softer than
itself
– But can be scratched by any mineral that is harder
– Mohs hardness scale
Mohs Hardness Scale
Crystal Systems
• Crystal system: the structure of how the
mineral’s atoms form
• Ex: cubic, hexagonal, rhombic
Cleavage
• Cleavage: when a mineral splits along a flat
surface
• Ex: Mica
Fracture
• Fracture: when a mineral breaks apart in an
irregular way
Special Properties
• Some minerals are identified by special
physical/chemical properties.
Review
1.
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8.
9.
Color
Streak
Luster
Density
Hardness
Crystal system
Cleavage
Fracture
Special properties
Answers:
A. Usually not a clear
identifier
B. Does not break in a flat
sheet
C. Calcite’s powder is always
white
D. Fluorescent
E. Breaks in flat sheets
F. Shiny mineral
G. Cubic shape
H. Compares how it is
scratched/scratches
I. How much mass takes up a
certain volume
1. A 2. C 3. F 4. I 5. H 6. G 7. E 8. B 9. D
3.1 Properties of Minerals
4. Be able to read a chart and determine the
identity of a mineral.
4.1 Classifying Rocks
1. How are rocks identified?
• How they’re formed
• Composition
• Texture
4.1 Classifying Rocks
2. What are the 3 main groups of rocks?
1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
4.2 Igneous Rocks
1. How are they formed
Magma cooling and hardening
4.2 Igneous Rocks
4. How does the rate of cooling affect the
texture?
Intrusive vs. Extrusive
Intrusive = cooled slowly inside the earth (larger
crystals)
Extrusive = cooled rapidly outside the earth
(small crystals, air pockets
4.2 Igneous Rocks
2. Characteristics
• Large visible crystals
• Glasslike
• Holes from air bubbles while cooling
Igneous Rocks
Coarse-Grained
Fine-Grained
Felsic
Granite
Rhyolite
Mafic
Gabbro
Basalt
4.3 Sedimentary Rocks
1. How do they form
Sediment = weathering and erosion 
Deposition  Compaction & cementation
4.3 Sedimentary Rocks
2. Characteristics:
• Appearance of sand, pebbles, rocks
cemented together
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Layers (usually only noticed in large
specimen)
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Appearance of fossils
4.5 Metamorphic Rocks
1. How are metamorphic rock formed?
Heat and pressure
4.5 Metamorphic Rocks
2. Where does the heat and pressure come
from?
Deep inside the earth (magma)
4.5 Metamorphic Rocks
3. Characteristics:
• Ribbon-like lines, in thin parallel or wavy lines
• TINY crystals that line up in the same direction
• Very hard, usually can scratch metal
4.6 The Rock Cycle
1. What is the rock cycle?
2. What are the possible stages in the rock
cycle?
3. Processes that occur when a rock changes
4.6 The Rock Cycle
• What are some of the causes for weathering
and erosion
Breaks down rocks into little pieces =
WEATHERING
Moves the sediment =
EROSION
Weathering
Erosion
• Mechanical Weathering (FRAPA)
– Freezing
& Thawing
F
– Release
of pressure
R
– Animal
Actions
A
– Plant
P Growth
– Abrasion
A
• Chemical Weathering (LOWCA)
– Living
Organisms
L
– Oxygen
O
– Water
W
– Carbon
Dioxide
C
– Acid
A Rain
– Examples
Erosion  moves rock particles
• Sediment = rock particles
• Deposition = when sediment is laid
down/deposited from erosion
• Examples: WWGM – “What would G-ma make?”
– Wind 
– Water (runoff, rivers, waves)
– Glaciers
– Mass Movement
• (landslides, mudflows, slumps and creeps)
5.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
1. What causes an earthquake?
Stress built up from plates moving
6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
2. How does the energy of an earthquake travel
through Earth?
Seismic Waves
P
S
Surface
6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
3. What are the scales used to measure the
strength of an earthquake?
Richter – size of seismic waves
Mercalli - damage
Moment Magnitude – magnitude of energy (#)
6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
4. How do scientists locate the epicenter of an
earthquake?
7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
1. Where are most of Earth’s volcanoes found
Along the edges of plate boundaries
divergent
subduction zones
10.1 Fossils
1. What is a fossil?
Fossil = preserved remain or trace of a living
thing
10.1 Fossils
2. How does a fossil form?
Most fossil form when living things die and are
buried by sediments
Sediment slowly hardens into rock and
preserves the shape of the organisms
10.2 Relative Dating
Relative Age = when a rock is compared to the
ages of other rocks/fossils
10.2 Relative Dating
1. Given a certain cross section of rock, indicate
which layers were deposited first to last
Oldest usually on bottom,
Youngest on top
10.2 Predict the environment
E – Shale (shark)
B – Sandstone (tracks)
I – Shale (shark fossils)
F – shale (fish)
G - Fault
C - Magma
A - Conglomerate
H – Shale (shark)
D – Metamorphic
10.2 Environment…
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Intrusive Igneous: Magma inside cooling, crystals
Extrusive Igneous: Lava cooling outside
Green Shale (sed): Murky, muddy sea
Red Shale (sed): Plains with streams
Sandstone: Desert
Limestone: Clear water sea
Conglomerate: Flood, mudslide, landslide
Wavy rocks (met): Plates colliding
Coal: Forest with lots of plants
10.2 Fossils
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Intrusive Igneous: NONE
Extrusive Igneous: NONE
Green Shale (sed): Trilobites, Brachiopods, Crinoids
Red Shale (sed): Reptiles & Insects
Sandstone: Tracks
Limestone: Fish, Sharks, Sponges
Conglomerate: Rocks, pebbles, boulders
Wavy rocks (met): NONE
Coal: NONE
10.2 Predict the environment
E – Shale (shark)
B – Sandstone (tracks)
I – Shale (shark fossils)
F – shale (fish)
G - Fault
C - Magma
A - Conglomerate
H – Shale (shark)
D – Metamorphic
E – Deep Ocean
B – Desert
I – Deep Ocean
F – River Bed
G - Earthquake
C - Extrusive
A - Mudslide
H – Deep Ocean
D – Plates Colliding
E – Shale (shark)
B – Sandstone (tracks)
I – Shale (shark fossils)
F – shale (fish)
G - Fault
C - Magma
A - Conglomerate
H – Shale (shark)
D – Metamorphic
1.1 What is science?
1. What is the difference between qualitative &
quantitative?
Qualitative is descriptive
Ex: The block is blue
Quantitative is numerical
Ex: The block has a mass of 22 g.
Questions?