DNA – What is it?
A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes
for Genetic Instruction
* Deoxyribonucleic acid
** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of
cells
**Made up of monomer subunits
called nucleotides
* Most of your cells have identical DNA but
genes are “turned on” according to what
proteins are made
*Example: skin cells will not
produce proteins for the liver
Nucleotides
**DNA Nucleotides float in the cytoplasm and
have three parts:
The Backbone
Nitrogenous
base
Phosphate
group
Sugar (deoxyribose)
**There are 4
nitrogencontaining bases:
*Adenine (A)
*Thymine (T)
*Cytosine (C)
*Guanine (G)
For Simplicity Purposes – A
Single Nucleotide
A, G,T or C
Nitrogenous Bases Make Up The
DNA “Alphabet” – A,G,T,C
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
ALWAYS Pairs With
Purines
Pyrimidines
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
ALWAYS Pairs With
** Make notice that purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines have one.
This is what will gives DNA molecules their shape!!
DNA
** All of the rungs of the DNA “ladder “are pairs of
nucleotides, coiled into the shape of a double helix!!
**Like a spiral staircase
**“rungs” are held together
by hydrogen bonds
Remember
base-pairing
rules!!!
A with T
C with G
Nucleotides are held together
by hydrogen bonds
Structure of DNA’s Nucleotides
Proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953
DNA – It’s all in Your Genes
Genes are Found on Chromosomes
(We’ll Discuss These a Little Later!)
Genes
• Made up of a series of DNA nucleotides
– Only the 4 letters of DNA’s “alphabet”
• All of your genes make up a genome
• There are about 21, 000 genes
• About 3.2 billion base pair
• It is estimated that in one single human cell, if you
uncoiled the double helix, it would be about 6 foot
long!
Genes
• Can be several hundred to several thousand
base-pair long
• Some genes carry the instructions to make
proteins that give you traits, like eye color, hair
color and freckles!
• Some genes are regulatory genes that may
control other genes
• Some genes are promotor genes, sequences of
DNA needed to turn genes “on” or “off”
On the Next Slide is an
Example of Part of a Code for a
Gene and is only one side of
the “ladder”
GACAGACAGACAGACAGACGGACATGCTCATATCGACTCAGGAGGTGATCCTGATCAAGAATATATATACTTTATAGGGTCGGAGATGTCTTCTTCACTGCGTTGCACACTTTTGACCAAAATTATAATACCCTCTG
CAAGGGTATAAAAATGAAGCTATACTATATAGTTATTATATATATGCAAAGTCTGGACAAAATTTTGTGCCGATCGGGCCACCACTTTCTTTTTGCCCCATAGAATCCAATGCTCCCTGGGACAAAAATTTACAAAAT
ATTCTTGAAAATTGGGTCAATATATCTAATAAATTATAATCCGGCACTATCCAACCTACTTTTATTCCATGAAAAATGCTAGGTTGAAATTGTTTAATATTCAACTTTACAATATGTATATGCGCTTATACACAAATAC
ACATCACATTAAACAAATATGGAATTAAACACTTAAATTTTACATACCTACACTAATAATTTCCATTTTACGTTGTTTTAAAATATCCAGTATAACATTTGAAATCTTACTTTAAAATGTGATATTATTTAGCGCGCCAA
AAAGTCAACGTTTCCGATCAACGAACAGCTGACTTGGGGCATTGGGACCAGTGTGATGTCGAAGGAATCTCACATTAATACTCTGCATAAAAAAGGGAAAAAATCTTACGCTGCCAATTATAGGGGCATTTCTAAA
TTGTCAGCAAGCCTTCTTGAAAAACGAATTACTCCACATTTTAAACACCTTTATAGTTCAATAATATGATCGTGCCAGCATGCCTTCATGAAGAGCCACTCTACCACTACCAACTTTTTGGAGCTAACATCTTTTGTCAC
GGATGGGTTCCATTTACACTGACTTTAGTTAAGATTTTGACTCTGTTAACCATCCTACATTTTACATTGTGTATTAACGACTTTCCCCTTGTTTTAACCAATTCACTTTTACTTATGTATATCTGCATTATGGATTCACTTG
TGCCGAATCTAAACTTCAATCCGATTTGGCCAGATATTAAAATTGGTGTTTTGAAAATAACCTAAGACTTATTGTATGCAACTGTAAATTCGTGTCATTTTATCGATTTAGAGCAGGGATGGCCCTGTTGTTAGATTG
CTCTGTCATATGGGAAGAGCAATGTCATATACGTGTGCTGCTCCCAGTATAGGCGATGAAAATTAATAAAAAAAAATTTTGCGTGGCTCAACAACGTTTAACATAGTTTCATAGTTAACTTAACTTCTTTGGTCTGTC
CGATATTTAAGTATCGTGTAGTAGAGCCCTCATTATGGAGTAAACCGAGATCACATCGAATCTGTACAAAAAAATTCCTGATTTTCCTGACGATATTTCCAACATACATATATCTAATAATATAAACTGCCAACTAAC
TGCAAGCCGGTAAATATCAACTTCGCCTCCGCCCGATGTGGAGTTTTCTTTCTTGTTATAATTTGTTTACGTTAGAAATTAAAAAAATAATTTTTTAAAGAAAAAGATGGAAAGCTACAAAGCCACCACAAAGCCGCT
TACAGAAAAGTGAAAAAAATTGTAAATGCCGTAAAAATTGAGAATATCAAGATGTCAATCAATGCGCATTCAATATTATAGTGTTATTAAAGATAAAGAAAGAAATACTTTTTTATAGATATGGTGACTATAACTT
TCCAAAAATATAGTGAATGAACATTTTAATACTCCTTGAGCACATTAAGGCATGCGATACGACATTTCAATTCTTTCGAACCGAAGCGCATAAGTGCAAAAGGCAACAACCTTAAAAAGTCAACAACCTTGAAAGCA
ATTTGAATATTTGTATATAAATTAAATGATAAATGCCAAAAAAATATAACTTTGATCCACTTTCAAGAACGCTTTTACTTTTGTTTGATACTGTTTGTTACTAAGTGATTGTAACTAAATGATTCAACAAAAAGATATT
AAAATTTCCATATTATAAGGGTGTGTCCAATTTTCGTGTTTTTAGCTTAATTTGAATTTCCAAATTAATTATACATACAAAATACTTACATTATTGCAATTTCTCATCTATTTACATTTCAATGTTAACCAATTCTTGAAT
TTACATGAAAAAGCCTATTTACACAGTTCACGATTTTAATTACTTTGGATTGTTTGTGGTCAAAGTATTTTAGGTATATTTTTTTGGAATTGATAATAAAGTCAGTTTTGTTGCAACCGCATATATAAACTCACACTCG
AGTATTTACGGGTTAGTTGCCAATTGCTTAGCAATTCGTTAATACGCTTTCAATTTATTTAATGTTAACGCCGCAAACATATACACCGTTTTAAACATCAACGACTTTAAATAATTAGAAATTTAACAAAAACTTAAAT
GGAGATGGCAAAAAATAAGAAATATTCCCGGTCTCTGCCAGAATCAGACGGAGATGATATAGTAATTTCTGGAATGGCCGGAAAATTTCCAAACTGTAGCAACATATCGGAATACGAGTTTAAACTATATAACAA
GGTTAGAAACAAAGTTTAAAATAAAACGTCCAATGGGGAAAACCATCTAATAATACTGATATGAAAAAAATTTGGTGAATAAAACATAACAAGAGCATTTTTAAACTGTGAATTGAAATAAAATAGTTGATTAAA
AAGAACAGTACGCAGGAAATGGAAAAGTAAAAAACACAAGAAAGAAAAGATAACTTTGGGCGCAGCCTAAGTAGCAGAAATTTCTTGCGACTTGCCCCCAGAGGCCCCAGACAGAATCTCACTTCCCGTCCAATC
GACCGAGGGACGCTGCACATAACGTACTCAAATCGTGGGGATAGATCCGAGAAAGTAGGAGTAAGATATCACGACCAAGAGAGTTGCGGATAAGGCGTTTAGTATAAGGGATTTAGAATTGTTAGTGGAGCAAA
GGGACAGGATGTGGTAGAGATCATTGTAGTCCGAACATAATACCCTGAACGGATCGTGTTGGGCAAATGTCGAACTACAATGGCTGAAGAGTAGAGGACGAAAGATTCTAGTCCGCCTACTAGGAACGTTAAAAT
TTAAACGAGTTAGTAAATGCTAGCTGTCTTCATTACCATAAATAGGATTGTATAGAAACATAACGCTTTATTAATGACGGTAAGTTGATTAATAAAAGTCTACTAATATAAGAGAGGAGGTGGAGATTGGCATCCC
AATTAAGTCCACTAAGGGCGAAAATCAGGAAATTTTTTTGAACTGATCTCGGTGTACTCCGTATTGAGGACTCCAGTGACACGAATCATTAAATTCTTTTGACCATCTTTTCATAAAACCAAATACACCCATTATTAAC
CAGTTATATTAACCATGGTGGATGTATGGTTGGTAAATTTAAGTTTCAAATTTAATATGACCTAGATCGTTACCTGAGTTAATCCTTCTAAGGCGTTCCCATAGAGGAAATACATAGCCTAATGATGACTAGATCGAT
AAAATGACATTAGTTTACATTTCGATCCATTAAGCGTTAGCTTATTTGCTAAACACCAATTTTGAAATTTATTCAAATAGGATTAAAGTCTAGATTGGGGCACCCAAGATGTAGCGCGCAATAAACGCGAGGTAACA
TTTTTAAAGAAGACACATTGGGTTCTTTAAGATAAGTAGCTCCAAATCCAGATAAGAAGGTCAGTTGGGAATCCCAAAAAAACTGAGTTTTCTTATAAGAAGCGAATTGTTAACAGAGAAAAATCCTTTACTGAAG
TCGGTGTAAATGACGTCTGTTTGTAAGCCATTCCGGAACCAATCGTGACAAAAGATGTTAACTCCTATAAGTTGGTAGTTGCGGAGTGGCGCTTCATGAAGCCATGCTGGCACGGAGATATTACTTACAGAATTAAC
ACTCCTCCTCCCTTTCGCAGGGGTCGACGTCAAAATGTACTTACTTGGAAAAAATTTAGAGCTTAAGATCTCCGGCTTTAACCAAGTTTATGTAAAGAACCTAATGTGAGATGCAAAGGAAGAACTATAAGAATACA
TTTTGGGAAGTTTACTACGTAACCCTGGAGTATTCTGATAGGTAAATGTTAGTAACAAAAATTAATTTTTTCGAATCTGATGAAGATGAGATTAAAGGTTGTTTAGTGGCTGTAACATCTGGCAATTTTACTCATACA
GGTTTGGTCATTTTGTTTTTTTTGACGAAAATGTTCTCTGGCCAAGAACAGGCGAAACAAATCGTCTTGAATATCTGCAAGGGCACACGTATACCTGTGCCTGGTGTATGAATATTTAAATTTTGTAATATACACCAC
CTTTATGTCGGCTTTTGTTTTGGCTTTGATGTTAGCCGATATATCAATCTCAGAAGTATCAGAGGCAAGCTGGGAAATAAAAATGTGTTTCGATGGAGGAACCACCTGCAACAGTTTCGGTGCCGTCGTAACTAGTTC
TGCGACATCAGTTCGTACCGGGGGTCCAGACTTTTGATTACCCTGTTCGGACTTCTCAGGGGTCTTGAATTATTGGGTCTGGAATCACTTGAAGCGATGCCAAAAAGGACATATCAGACAATTGCACATTTATTTTGA
GATATTCGGAAGCCGAATTTTTCTCAGGTTCGGCCCTTGGGGTTGCCAGAGATATAAGCGGCTGCATAATCGTCGGTAAAAGAGGATTTCTTCGCTTTGGAGACTTATTTAGTAGTTGAAGACTACTAAACCGTATA
TCGAGCGCACAGAGTTGGTCATTAATTTTACGAAAACCGCTAATCAACTCGTTGAATCCACTTTTAGCACGACAACCGTCACATTACAAGTAGAGACCGGATCTACGTGAAATAGCATCCGGCACACTTAGCGTGTA
AAACGTTTTCACACAGTGAAATGAAAAAGGGAGATTAAAGAGAGCGATTAGTGTGGGTTAGTAAACTGCAAAGAATAGAGATAAGAATCTCTATTGAGAGAGAATAGAAGCATAATCGTAAAAGATGAAGAAG
CAGAGCAGGGCTATTTTTGAAAGAAAATTAATTAAGTTATTATTTTACCTCCAAATATATCACTGCACACGCGAAGCAATACGGATGTTTGCGAATGCGAAAGTTTGTTTTTATAAATGTAAATAAATAAAAATAAA
CACTGGATTGTTAGCTAATAAAAGATTTGATAATAACGCACAAAAATCCGCTTTCAGATAAAGAGAGGCTGTCCTTTTCATAAAAAGATTTGTATTTTATCATACGTTTTTAAAAATTAACGCATTTTACCAAATATT
ATTATAATTATTAATTAATTTTTAACTTTTAAGATAGATATGGTTGACGATGATGAGCGCAGATGGCGTCATTTTAACCCGGAAATACCAAAACGATCTGGAAAAATTAGTGAGCTTGAAAAATTTGATGCAACATT
TTTTGGAGTTCATTTTAAGCAAGCTCATACAATGGATCCCCAAACTCGAATTTTGATTGAGACTGCATATGAAGCGGTCATAGATTCCGGAATAAACCCAAAAAGTCTTCGGGGATCAAAAACTGGAGTGTACATTG
GATCTTGTATTTCTGAATCAGAAAAAACATGGTTTTATGAAAAAGTTTCATCTGGTGGATTTGGAATAACTGGCTGCAGTCGGGCTATGATGGCTAATAGAATATCTTACTGTTTAGGACTCGAGGGACCTTCTTTTC
TATTAGATACTGCATGTTCAAGTTCAATGTACGCGTTGGATAATGCCTTTAGTGCACTTCGAAATGGAGAAATAGATGCAGCAATAATTGGTGGCTCCAACTTACTTCTTCATCCATTTGTGACTCTTCAATTTGCTCG
GTAAGCTTTTTGATTTTTTTAAAATTTTATTTCCTAACAAACTTTAAATTCCATAACATCATAGACTCGGCGTACTTGCTCCAGATGGGTTTTGTCGTCCATTCGATAAAAATGCAAGTGGCTATACCAGATCTGAAACT
ATCAATTGCCTATTTTTGCAACGAAAACGGGATGCAAAGCGTGTGTATGCTAGTGTTGTGTATTCAAAAACTAATTGTGATGGATATAAGCCAGAGGGTATAACGTATCCATCTGGGGTAGTCCAAGAAAAGTTGT
TGGAAAATTTCTATAAAGAGATCGAACTTACCCCCTCAGATTTGGGCTATTTAGAGGCTCACAGTACTGGAACTGTAGTTGGTGATCCAGAAGAATGCAAAGCAATAGACAATGTAATTTGTAGCCAAAGACGCGA
GCCTTTATTAATTGGATCTGTTAAATCAAATATTGGACATTCCGAAGCTGCATCAGGAATATGCTCACTTGTTAAAGCTTGCTTTGCATTTGAAACTGGCATGATTGCACCGAATATAAATTTTGCAGAAGTAAAACC
AATTATTGCACCTCTAGCAGAAGGAAGATTGCTTGTTGTTAAAGATAAAACGCCTCTACCAAAGCCATACATCGGTATAAATTCTTTTGGATTTGGAGGTGCAAATGCACATGCACTTCTGAAAGGTTTTACCAAATC
AAAGACAAATTTTGGGATTCCTGAGGATGATGTACCTCGACTTCTTACATGGGCCGGTAGGACAGAAGATGCAGTGCATGAAATTTTTAGCGACATAGAAAAAAGACCCCTAGATGCAGAATTTATCGGACTACTT
CAAAATATTCAAGAGG
Let’s Make A DNA Molecule !!!
Beads and Demo