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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime > The Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective
• Differential Association Theory
• Control Theory
• Labeling Theory
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime > The Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective
Differential Association Theory
• In criminology, differential association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland.
• Differential association theory proposes that through interaction with others,
individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal
behavior.
• Differential association predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path
when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding.
• One critique leveled against differential association stems from the idea that
people can be independent, rational actors and individually motivated.
Criminal Silhouette
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime > The Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective
Control Theory
• Control theory advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual
and society allow people to deviate. Establishing strong social bonds, such as
family ties or close community groups, will prevent crime.
• According to Travis Hirschi, people will conform to a group when they believe they
have more to gain from conformity than by deviance.
• Decentralized control or market control is typically maintained through factors
such as price, competition, or market share.
• Centralized control such as bureaucratic control is typically maintained through
administrative or hierarchical techniques such as creating standards or policies.
• Mixed control is typically maintained by keeping a set of values and beliefs or
Control Strategy
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norms and traditions.
• Mixed control is typically maintained by keeping a set of values and beliefs or
norms and traditions.
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime > The Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective
Labeling Theory
• George Herbert Mead posited that the self is socially constructed and
reconstructed through the interactions which each person has with the
community. Thus, if the community labels an individual as "deviant", the individual
will integrate this label into his sense of self.
• A social role is a set of expectations we have about a behavior. They are
necessary for the organization and functioning of any society or group.
• Deviant roles are very special roles that society provides for deviant behavior.
• Mental illness and homosexuality are two examples of labels given to individual
displaying deviant behavior.
Social roles
• People who believe in hard labeling believe that mental illness does not exist.
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According to them, these illnesses are entirely socially constructed when we
attach the label "mentally ill" to a behavior.
• Soft labeling supporters believe that mental illnesses are not socially constructed.
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime > The Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective
• People who believe in hard labeling believe that mental illness does not exist - they are entirely socially constructed.
• Soft labeling supporters believe that mental illnesses are not socially constructed.
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Appendix
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Key terms
• control theory The theory states that behavior is caused not by outside stimuli, but by what a person wants most at any given
time. According to control theory, weak social systems result in deviant behavior.
• deviance Actions or behaviors that violate formal and informal cultural norms, such as laws or the norm that discourages public
nose-picking.
• Deviant roles Labeling theory concerns itself mostly not with the normal roles that define our lives, but with those very special
roles that society provides for deviant behavior.
• differential association a theory in criminology developed by Edwin Sutherland, proposing that through interaction with others,
individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior
• Differential Association Theory This theory predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of
definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding.
• Edwin Sutherland Considered as one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century. He was a sociologist of the
symbolic interactionist school of thought and is best known for defining white-collar crime and differential association—a
general theory of crime and delinquency.
• Labeling theory Labeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis.
• social role Labeling theory concerns itself mostly not with the normal roles that define our lives, but with those very special roles
that society provides for deviant behavior, called deviant roles, stigmatic roles, or social stigma.
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Social roles
. A social role is a set of expectations we have about a behavior. Social roles are necessary for the organization and functioning of any society or group.
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Sociology - Labelling theory
Short presentation on labeling theory.
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Criminal Silhouette
Differential association theory predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for
law-abiding.
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Wikimedia. "Criminal Silhouette L." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Criminal_Silhouette_L.svg View on Boundless.com
Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Control Strategy
Control theory advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society allow people to deviate.
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Why is Sutherland's theory applicable to corporate and organized
crime?
A) Because Sutherland has studied corporate and organized crime in
detail
B) Because the principal part of learning criminal behavior occurs within
personal groups
C) Because his approach does not understand individuals as
independent and rational actors
D) Because its focus is on crime as learned behavior rather than practical
motives
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Why is Sutherland's theory applicable to corporate and organized
crime?
A) Because Sutherland has studied corporate and organized crime in
detail
B) Because the principal part of learning criminal behavior occurs within
personal groups
C) Because his approach does not understand individuals as
independent and rational actors
D) Because its focus is on crime as learned behavior rather than practical
motives
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Travis Hirschi argued that people follow norms because they have
a bond with society. Which of the following is NOT an element of
these social bonds?
A) Opportunity
B) Attachment
C) Belief
D) Competition
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Travis Hirschi argued that people follow norms because they have
a bond with society. Which of the following is NOT an element of
these social bonds?
A) Opportunity
B) Attachment
C) Belief
D) Competition
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
All of the following are assumptions of labeling theory EXCEPT
A) Limited social shaming can prevent social deviance
B) Labels can become self-fulfilling prophecies
C) An individual's behavior may be influenced by terms used to describe
him or her
D) Crime and social deviance are inherent tendency of individuals
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
All of the following are assumptions of labeling theory EXCEPT
A) Limited social shaming can prevent social deviance
B) Labels can become self-fulfilling prophecies
C) An individual's behavior may be influenced by terms used to describe
him or her
D) Crime and social deviance are inherent tendency of individuals
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Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
Attribution
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Deviance." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Deviance#Labeling_Theory
• Wikipedia. "social role." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20role
• Wikipedia. "Deviant roles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant%20roles
• Wikipedia. "Labeling theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeling%20theory
• Wikipedia. "Control theory (sociology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory_(sociology)
• Wikipedia. "Deviance (sociology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_%2528sociology%2529#Control_theory
• Wiktionary. "deviance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deviance
• Wikipedia. "control theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/control%20theory
• Wikipedia. "Differential association." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_association
• Wikipedia. "Differential association." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_association
• Wikipedia. "Differential Association Theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20Association%20Theory
• Wikipedia. "Edwin Sutherland." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Sutherland
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