REVOLUTION OF 1800
ELECTION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
ELECTION OF 1800
• Election was between Thomas Jefferson, Dem.Rep., ran against John Adams, Federalist
• Extremely bitter election: Adams was seen by Dem.Reps. as wanting to create an American monarchy
while Jefferson was viewed by the Federalists as
dangerous due to his support of the French
Revolution
THE TWO PARTIES
• Federalists: typically believed in a strong national
government and commercial economy. Supported
by bankers and businesses and was strong in the
North
• Dem.-Reps.: typically believed in a weak national
government and an agricultural economy.
Supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers
and was strong in the South
RESULTS OF THE ELECTION…
• Jefferson got eight more electoral votes than Adams
• Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s running mate, received the same
number of electoral votes as Jefferson meaning it was
up to the House of Reps. to elect the president
• After six days and thirty-five ballots, Alexander Hamilton
convinced fellow Federalists to vote for Jefferson over
Burr
• Jefferson was seen as the better of two evils
• First peaceful transfer of power between two political
parties in U.S. history- known as the Revolution of 1800
AND 12TH AMENDMENT
• Election revealed an issue on how the President
and Vice-President were elected
• Congress passed the 12th Amendment which
allowed electors to vote for both Pres. and V.P.
rather than casting two votes for Pres.
• Fixed the problem of having a Pres. and V.P. from
separate parties
JEFFERSON AS PRESIDENT
• Simplified the government and office of President:
• Wore plain work clothes when receiving visitors
• Cut back on spending for the army and navy
• Eliminated taxes
• Jefferson’s Presidency marked the beginning of a
Southern dominance of politics which started with
Jefferson being the first president to be inaugurated
and work in Washington, D.C.
U.S. EXPANSION
• In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to return
the Louisiana Territory to France
• Had the idea of expanding his French Empire into North
America
• U.S. citizens, and Jefferson, were upset and worried
when they learned that France might again have a
strong presence again
• Jefferson sent James Monroe and U.S. Ambassador to
France Robert Livingston to purchase the Louisiana
Territory from France
• Napoleon agreed to sell due to the Haitian Revolution
and renewed battles in Europe
• Purchased doubled the size of the U.S.
CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
• Dem.-Reps. and Jefferson believed initially believed
that the government did not have the authority
under the Constitution to acquire new land and a
new amendment was needed
• Eventually though, Jefferson changed his mind and
said that the government did have the authority to
acquire new land
• Made the change based on politics
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
EXPLORING THE NEW TERRITORY
• Needed to explore the Louisiana Territory to
establish a legal claim to it and to find out about its
geography
• All was done in secret; Jefferson had a bad
relationship with the Federalists in Congress so the
funding requests were kept a secret
• Additionally Jefferson did not want to upset his party
because there was no precedent for the expedition
• Jefferson created an expedition to explore the new
territory and appointed Meriwether Lewis to it
• Called the Corps of Discovery from St. Louis to the
Pacific Ocean
LEWIS AND CLARK
• Lewis picked William Clark as his second in
command and selected 50 other soldiers and
outdoorsmen for the expedition
• Realized they need a guide for the expedition and
eventually asked a fur trapper named Toussaint
Charbonneau who brought his pregnant wife,
Sacajawea
• Sacajawea was extremely important to the
expedition serving as an interpreter and guide
• The expedition did not want to be seen as a war party by
Native Americans; having a woman and child made it clear
that their purpose was not war
LEWIS, CLARK, AND SACAJAWEA
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacajawea
FOCUS OF THE EXPEDITION
• Main purpose of the expedition to reach the Pacific
Ocean and discover if it was possible to do so
along a river for trade
• Survey the new territory
• Declare U.S. sovereignty over the territory to the Native
American tribes living in the area
• The secondary focus of the expedition was to collect
samples and specimens to send back for study
• Jefferson loved examining the specimens that Lewis and Clark
sent back to him
THE EXPEDITION
• Departed on May 14, 1804 from near St. Charles,
Missouri
• Traveled along the Missouri River for the majority of
the trip including through Kansas, Missouri, and
Nebraska. The journey continued along other rivers
including the Yellowstone, Salmon, Clearwater, and
Columbia Rivers
• Met with numerous tribes along the way, including
meeting Sacagawea around winter in North
Dakota
PACIFIC OCEAN AND RETURN TRIP
• The expedition succeeded in their goal of reaching
the Pacific Ocean in mid-November of 1805
• Established a fort on the coast for shelter from
storms but also to finalize the U.S. claim to the
territory
• Started the return home in March of 1806
• The expedition split up for part of the way so that
Lewis could explore some side rivers
• When the expedition reunited, Lewis was accidently shot in
the leg when a hunter mistook him for an elk
MAP OF THE EXPEDITION
REACHING THE PACIFIC OCEAN
LEGACY
• The expedition succeeded in reaching the Pacific
Ocean, in establishing diplomatic relations with the
Native American tribes, and secured a legal claim
to the land
• Did not find a continuous water-way to the Pacific Ocean
• Brought back numerous scientific samples and
detailed drawings of the new territory
POMPEYS PILLAR
THE MARSHALL COURT
• John Marshall was appointed Chief Justice by
Adams; was a staunch Federalist
• Marshall served on the Supreme Court for over 30
years and his decisions consistently strengthened
the federal government at the cost of the state
governments
• Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which
increased the number of federal judges by 16
• Adams then filled most of the positions at the last
minute, called midnight appointments, in an
attempt to influence future decisions
JOHN MARSHALL
MARBURY VS. MADISON
• When Jefferson became President, he refused to
deliver some of the appointments
• William Marbury sued James Madison for the papers
to be delivered which was ordered by the Judiciary
Act of 1789
• Marshall found that the Supreme Court could not
be forced to order the papers delivered under the
act and found it unconstitutional
• Established judicial review- ability of the Supreme
Court to declare laws unconstitutional
• Made the Judicial Branch equal in power with the
other two
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31ST
• Hand in homework
• Take Daily Quiz
• Lesson  War of 1812
• Causes of the War
• Opposition to the War
• War of 1812
DAILY QUIZ
• What Supreme Court case established judicial review?
• What did the Louisiana Purchase do to the size of the
United States?
• Why is the election of 1800 known as the Revolution of
1800?
• True/False: Dem.-Reps. believed in weak state
governments and an agriculture based economy
• What is your favorite candy?
WAR OF 1812
THE ORIGINS OF THE WAR
• Britain was engaged
in a drawn out
conflict with
Napoleon and
France
• Part of the Napoleonic
Wars which lasted from
1803-1815
• Neither side could let
the other gain any
sort of an advantage
and needed to drain
the other of resources
CAUSES OF THE WAR
• There were two main causes for the U.S. declaring
war with Britain:
• British restrictions on American trade and impressment of
American sailors
• British support for Tecumseh and the Indian Confederacy
INTERFERENCE WITH TRADE
• 1806-1807 both Britain and France passed laws
restricting the ability of countries to trade with the
other
• Britain’s laws specifically targets neutral nations ability to
trade
• Americans felt that their international rights were
being violated, particularly by the British
• America responded with the Embargo Act of 1807
which banned trade with foreign ports
• Hurt both New England and southern states
BRITISH POLICY OF IMPRESSMENT
• Britain also instituted a policy of impressment, American
sailors who were born in Britain were captured and
forced to serve in the British navy to man its ships which
angered America even more
• In Britain, you cannot renounce your citizenship and it viewed
Britain's who became American citizens as still British; had to
serve in the navy if caught
• Impressed over 9,000 individuals into service
• Britain learned that several individuals had join the U.S.
Navy and were serving on the USS Chesapeake
• When the ship was finally found of the coast of Virginia by the
HMS Leopard which fired two broadsides to get the ship to
submit, killing three American sailors
• Caused a huge uproar in America
TECUMSEH AND THE INDIAN
CONFEDERACY
• Tecumseh, a member of the Shawnee tribe, wanted to
create a confederacy to resist the westward movement
of Americans and the Treaty of Fort Wayne which sold
Native American land to the U.S.
• Britain saw the Native Americans as potential allies in the
event of war
• Kept the favor of Native American tribes by providing muskets
and ammunition
• Frontiersmen saw British support as interfering with the
Westward expansion of the U.S.
• During Tecumseh’s war, his brother attacked the forces
of Harrison but ended up being defeated at the Battle
of Tippecanoe which ended the war
• Made Harrison a hero throughout the country
WAR IS DECLARED
• War was being called for by war hawks,
congressmen from the South and West after
learning the Britain had supplied weapons to Native
Americans
• Following the election of James Madison, the Dem.Reps. Had a stronger position to pursue a more
aggressive agenda against Britain
• War was declared in the spring of 1812
• The U.S. was unprepared for war and although it
won battles against the British forces, those victories
did not alter the course of the war
OPPOSITION TO WAR
• Federalists, who favored strong ties with Britain,
opposed war
• Embargo especially hurt New England economies which
were based on trade and ships
• Once war was declared, some Federalists dropped
their opposition to the conflict but many remained
opposed
• Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island refused to
allow their militias to serve in the army against the British
• Hartford Convention: In December 1814-January
1815 a series of meetings was held by Federalists to
discuss how to fix their declining national influence
HARTFORD CONVENTION PROPOSALS
• Attention was focused on Constitutional amendments
which would limit Southern and Dem.-Reps. influence
while expanding their own
• Removing the three-fifths compromise for determining
representation
• Requiring a two-thirds majority in Congress to declare war,
admission of a new state, or interfering with trade
• Limiting Presidents to one term
• Requiring each President to be from a different state than their
predecessor (targeted at Virginia)
• Convention had very little success – the war ended
before the convention could present its term to
Congress
• Seriously damaged the image of the Federalist Party
WAR OF 1812
• War in Canada:
• Quickly lost Detroit
• Oliver Perry managed to defeat the British fleet on Lake Erie
• War at Sea:
• Badly outnumbered U.S. fleet scored minor victories against the British
fleet but ended by being blockaded in ports by the end of the war
• Part of the Chesapeake Campaign which saw the British fleet bomb
Fort McHenry
• On August 24, British forces entered Washington and burned
the capitol and other buildings forcing the government to
flee. Crushed moral of the country
• Biggest victory came from Andrew Jackson and the Battle of
New Orleans on January 8, 1815 in which Jackson stopped the
British army from seizing New Orleans and using it to end the
war
• Unknown to Jackson, the war had ended with the Treaty of
Ghent on Christmas Eve of 1814
END OF THE WAR
• Treaty of Ghent: ended the war
• Britain and America signed a commercial
agreement in 1815 which reopened trade
• The Rush-Bagot agreement in 1817 limited warships
on the Great Lakes
• Convention of 1818 set the boundary between U.S.
and British Canada at 49th parallel
• The U.S. also received a claim to the Oregon
Territory and saw an increased number of
Americans migrate down into Florida
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6TH
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•
•
•
Take Daily Quiz
Present Options speech from homework
Turn in speech
Lesson on Regional Economic Differences
• What different economies began to emerge in the North
and South?
• Work on packet
DAILY QUIZ
• What were the two main causes of the War of 1812?
• What is impressment?
• What was the name given to a group of young Senators
from the South and West who wanted war?
• What hero emerged from the Battle of New Orleans?
• What treaty ended the war?
REGIONAL ECONOMIES
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The Industrial Revolution was the change from hand
tools and small-scale industries to machines and
large-scale factory production
• Eli Whitney was an inventor who pioneered the use of
interchangeable parts in muskets; able to produce 5,000
muskets a year compare to 300 a year at other arms
factories
• Interchangeable parts are parts which are mass produced and
could fit into any assembly regardless of where it was made
• Invented the cotton gin which made it easier to separate
seeds from the cotton fibers; made cotton extremely more
profitable
• Expansion of slavery into the deep south
ECONOMY OF THE SOUTH
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made it easier to clean
short-fiber cotton
• Short-fiber is easier to grow then long-fiber
• Agriculture based economy; cotton was king
• Cotton requires intensive manual labor requiring an
expansion of slavery
• Between 1790 and 1810 the number of slaves increased
from 700,000 to 1,200,000
• Opposed high tariffs because it made imported
goods more expensive
• Could not manufacture goods
COTTON GIN
ECONOMY OF THE NORTH
• Was rapidly industrialized due to the Industrial Revolution
• Factory technology was brought from Britain to New England
• Manufacturing based economy; mostly textile factories
• Did not require physical labor so factories used female workers
and children
• Built railroads and canals to move goods
• Erie Canal- linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes
• Part of the American System proposed by Henry Clay
• Northern states favored high tariffs to protect
manufactured goods from imports
AMERICAN SYSTEM
• The War of 1812 made it clear that America needed an
independent economy from France and Britain
• Designed by Henry Clay to unify the nation
• Focused on transportation: roads, canals, eventually railroads,
protective tariffs, and a new national bank
• Raw materials would be shipped from the South to be
manufactured in the North and then sold in the country
• Made in America
• National Road- first major federal highway which
stretched from Maryland to Illinois
• Started in 1811 and originally finished in 1818
• Became a gateway for people traveling West
• Erie Canal
TARIFF OF 1816
• In 1815 the government announced that if revenues
were not raised the deficit would expand drastically
by 1816
• A tariff on imported goods was suggested as the
easiest way to raise revenue
• Faced opposition by Southern states
• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina rallied support by
arguing the tariff would support national unity through
independence of trade, agriculture, and manufacturing
• Also that Britain had targeted American industries during
the War of 1812 to cripple them
SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
• Many believed that a new bank would benefit the
country
• One of the cornerstones was that it would
guarantee and make available a single currency
making it easier to do business across the country
• Given a charter in 1816 for a period of 20 years
• Failed to have its charter renewed for a second time
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 10TH
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•
•
•
Turn in review packet
Take daily quiz
Lesson on Nationalism
Work on study guide
DAILY QUIZ
• What was the name of the system designed to unite
our country and thought of by Henry Clay?
• What was one of the most important functions of
the new Bank of the U.S.?
• What was the focus of the Southern economy?
• What did the cotton gin do to slavery?
• What was the focus of the Northern economy?
NATIONALISM
NATIONALISM
• Nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture
of one’s nation
MCCULLOCH VS. MARYLAND
• Maryland opposed the creation of a second Bank of the
United States
• One of the local branches of the bank was located in
Maryland so the state government decided to heavily
tax that branch in hopes of making it fail
• Issue: did Congress have the authority to create the
bank and was the Maryland law taxing the bank
unconstitutional?
• Supreme Court ruled against Maryland
• Congress could create the bank from the enumerated
powers given to Congress in the Constitution
• The tax was found unconstitutional because federal laws
are supreme over states
• “The power to tax is the power to destroy.” John Marshall
GIBBONS VS. OGDEN
• Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
• New York granted charters granting the exclusive right to
operate steamboats on rivers in New York – one operator
was Aaron Ogden who operated the stretch between New
York and New Jersey
• Thomas Gibbons began operating a steamboat service
along the same area arguing he was entitled to do so
under federal law. Ogden sued Gibbons to stop him
• Issue: did New York violate the Constitution by giving Ogden
a monopoly on steamboats between New York and New
Jersey?
• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons saying the
interstate commerce could only be regulated by the
federal government, not states
NATIONALISM & FOREIGN POLICY
• Rush-Bagot Treaty and Convention of 1818
• A growth of nationalism had prompted America to define its
boundaries and prevent a strong military on the Great Lakes
• The Rush-Bagot Treaty prevented the use of warships on the Great
Lakes
• Convention of 1818 defined the U.S.-Canadian border at the 49th
parallel
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
• A weakened Spain found itself unable to maintain control over
its North American possessions and claims
• Seceded Florida to the U.S. and gave up its claim to the
Oregon Territory
• Established a new boundary between the U.S. and Spanish
possessions
MAP FOLLOWING ADAMS-ONIS
TREATY
AN ASSERTIVE AMERICA
• Following the defeat of Napoleon, European
countries were able to focus on matters outside of
Europe and wanted to reclaim their former colonies
in the Western Hemisphere
• Russia was starting to establish trading posts in what is now
California and preventing non-Russian ships from
approaching
• President Monroe knew something had to be done
to prevent European powers from carving up the
Western Hemisphere and threatening America’s
security
MONROE DOCTRINE
• In a message to Congress in 1823, Monroe warned
countries not to interfere with affairs in the Western
Hemisphere, including establishing new colonies or
overthrowing independent governments, and that the
U.S. would consider any intrusion “dangerous to our
peace and security”
• Became known as the Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. was not strong enough to enforce the Monroe
Doctrine
• Britain was the main enforcer and backer of the doctrine
• Started the “Special Relationship” between the U.S. and Britain
• Britain saw newly independent states in Latin America as
opportunities for new trade
NATIONALISM PUSHES AMERICA WEST
• Many American’s pushed West to find economic
opportunities
• Cheap, plentiful land
• Trying to escape from debts in the East
• There were also social gains to heading out west
• Slaves who had escaped slavery found they could hide in
the West and live with American Indians
• Once a territories population reached 60,000, the
people could petition Congress for entry into the
Union as a state
• In 1819, Missouri asked for entry, sparking a crisis
MISSOURI ASKS TO BE A STATE
• When Missouri asked to be admitted as a state,
there were eleven free and eleven slave states
• Threatened the balance between free and slave
states in the Senate
• Prevented one side from gaining the upper hand
• When the Bill was brought up before the HoR, a
provision was added which would gradually phase
out slavery in Missouri
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• Henry Clay proposed a series of agreements which
collectively came to be known as the Missouri
Compromise
• 1. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine
would be admitted as a free state, preserving the political
balance between the two
• 2. The rest of the Louisiana Territory would be divided along the
36°30’N north latitude line: south of the line would be slave
states while north of the line, apart from Missouri, would be free
states
• “This momentous question, like a fireball in the night,
awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at
once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for
the moment, But this is a reprieve only, not a final
sentence.” Thomas Jefferson
MISSOURI COMPROMISE