WHAP Exam Review
Period 5
1750-1914
Chapters 29-33
The Big Picture
• How are events of this time period
interconnected?
• Why did nationalism grow during this time
period?
• Change? Complex social, political, and
economic developments
• How did the environment impact industrial
and economic development?
American Revolution
• British colonies on east coast, encroaching French
settlements
• French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War: Britain
won, France gave up land
• Bad laws for colonists: Revenue Act, Stamp Act,
Tea Act--- “No taxation without representation”
• War of Independence (Revolutionary War)
• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
• French helped out.
French Revolution
• Kings lived lavishly, wars cost money so Louis XVI called the
Estates General to raise taxes.
• Estates General: First Estate=Church, Second Estate=Nobles,
Third Estate=everyone else, all had same vote
• National Assembly: Declaration of Rights of Man
• Reign of Terror: Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety
• Directory: 5-man government
• Napoleon: rose through military, Napoleonic Code, reforms,
created empire---costly mistakes such as boycotting Britain,
war with Spain, invading Russia---taken down by Grand
Alliance, exiled
• Congress of Vienna
Independence Movements
in Latin America
• Haiti: Slave Revolt, Toussaint L’Ouverture, free
republic 1804
• South America:
– Simon Bolivar (from Venezuela) Gran Colombia
– Jose de San Martin and Argentina, Chile, Peru
– Brazil=Monarchy
– Mexico=Miguel Hidalgo, a priest, and Jose
Morelos, 1821, Treaty of Cordoba (independence)
Industrial Revolution
• Began in Britain=had workers, money/capital for
investment, people willing to invest, political
stability, resources like coal and water, harbors
• Agriculture increased which led to many people
being able to leave farms and go to cities
• New agriculture techniques: high yield crops,
crop rotation, enclosure
Technological Innovations
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Flying Shuttle
Spinning Jenny
Cotton Gin
Steam Engine
Steamboat
Locomotive
•Telegraph
•Telephone
•Lightbulb
•Internal Combustion Engine
•Radio
•Airplane
•Sewing Machine
The Factory System
• Change from domestic system (putting out
system)
• Machines were large so moved to buildings
• Interchangeable parts
• Assembly line
• Bad labor conditions, child labor
• Family: everyone working! (How does this
compare to before industrialization and after
reforms are made?)
New Economic & Social Philosophies
• Capitalism: Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Free market
economy, private ownership, individuals own the
means of production and sell products in free and open
market, laissez-faire
• Marxism: Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto, workers
exploited, working class should revolt and take over means
of production, Socialism, Communism
• Luddites: English workers, destroyed equipment, punished
• Reform Movements: some people believe it is
inhumane, Factory Act of 1883, labor unions, Mines
Act, public education
• Social Mobility became more commonplace.
• Women’s suffrage movement
• Millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas.
Imperialism
• Making products requires resources besides
coal and iron for the machines
• Need raw materials from other lands
• European superiority: civilize, Christianize,
“White Man’s Burden”, social Darwinism
• National prestige, Power
Imperialism in India
• British East India Company
• Sepoy Mutiny led to full colonization of India
by British
• Indian National Congress
Imperialism in China
• Isolationists not imperialists
• Europeans could only trade at the port of Canton
• Opium War led to Treaty of Nanjing which allowed
others into China (spheres of influence), unequal,
Hong Kong went to Britain, Christian missionaries
allowed in
• Taiping Rebellion
• Self-Strengthening Movement of Manchus
• Lost Sino-Japanese War: lost Taiwan, gave trading
rights to Japan
• Boxer Rebellion and Boxer Protocol
Japanese Imperialism
• Isolationist, didn’t allow citizens to travel abroad
• Commodore Matthew Perry brought ships in to
convince Japanese to open to trade, Treaty of
Kanagawa
• Meiji Restoration: revolt against the shogun who
signed treaties and Emperor Meiji was put into
power, railroads, steamships, universal male
military service, westernization
• Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War
• If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em!!!
Imperialism in Africa
• Slave trade ends
• “Scramble for Africa”
• South Africa: Dutch boers first, then when diamonds
and gold discovered British came in, Boer War 18991902, became British colony then Union of South
Africa in 1910, African National Congress formed
• Suez Canal 1869, Britain bought stock in canal and
took over by 1882
• Berlin Conference 1884
• Europeans added infrastructure, but stripped Africa of
its natural resources
• Legacy of colonialism
United States Imperialism
• Monroe Doctrine: western hemisphere is off
limits to European imperialism/colonialism
• U.S. invested money in business enterprises
• Spanish-American War: 1898, U.S. supported
Cuban independence from Spain, got control of
Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines and naval
bases in Cuba
• Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. would intervene in
disputes between European powers and Latin
America (Big Stick)
• Panama Canal: 1904-1914
Unification of Italy and Germany
• Italy: starts as small kingdoms ruled by foreign powers
– King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, made Count Camillo
Cavour his prime minister who unified the north by driving out
Austrians
– Giuseppe Garibaldi drove out Spanish from the South
– Declared unified in 1861
• Germany: regional governments=Prussia and Austria were
dominant
– King of Prussia, William I, made Otto von Bismarck his prime
minister with the goal of uniting regions
– Through war like Franco-Prussian War, consolidated regions
– 1871, William I crowned King of the German Empire, Second
Reich after the HRE
– William II: forced Bismarck to resign, Germany became very
industrialized and powerful by 1914
Russia
• Romanov czars had absolute power.
• Most people were serfs with no rights.
• Alexander II: Emancipation Edict abolished
serfdom, assassinated by The People’s Will
• Arts: Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikovsky
• Alexander III: Russification, Jews persecuted
• Nicholas II: Socialists, Russo-Japanese War over
Manchuria, Bloody Sunday 1905, created the
Duma
Ottoman Empire
• Fought the Russians for control of Black Sea
• Greece got independence from Ottoman
Empire
• Crimean War: Britain and France helped
Ottoman Empire fight off Russia
Role of Women
• Education, real wages, and career opportunities
continued to be inaccessible for most
• Early feminist writers
• Some women joined reform movements, labor
unions, socialist parties
• Social Darwinism said that women were mentally
inferior
• University education open to women, but literacy
rates in general were low
Big Picture
• Nationalism: caused unification, fights for
independence, resistance to European colonialism,
competition among nations to be imperialist
• Change: many forces of change=exploration,
industrialization, education, Enlightenment impact,
end of slavery, nationalism, Imperialism, racism,
capitalism, Marxism, urbanization, etc.
– Transportation and communication spread
ideas/changes quickly
– Not always complete change---example: end of slavery
– Describe how things changed, describe why things
changed