What SHOULD I have learned this
year?
Force and Motion
Identify or calculate an object’s average speed
S = d/t
Practice:
A battery-powered toy car travels 20 meters in 5
seconds. What is it’s average speed?
S = 20m/5s = 4 m/s.
Speed is the slope of a
distance/time graph
Remember this?
Position vs. Time Graphs
• Describe the motion
of an object based on
a graph of the object’s
position vs. time.
• Identify the position
vs. time graph that
could represent an
object’s motion given
average speed or
position and time data
of that object.
Friction
• Friction is a force that can help objects start
moving, stop moving, slow down, or change
direction.
Frictional Forces
• Describe the frictional forces acting on a given
object.
Identify the forces acting on an object as
balanced or unbalanced given a description of
the motion of the object
•
•
•
•
Speeding up?
Slowing down?
Changing direction?
Unchanging?
= Unbalanced
= Unbalanced
= Unbalanced
= Balanced
Motion of Objects
Predict the resulting
motion of an object
given a description of
the initial motion of the
object and the forces
acting on the object.
Unbalanced Forces
• Compare the motion of objects with different
masses that receive the same unbalanced
force.
Properties of Matter
• Identify characteristic intrinsic properties of a
substance (i.e., properties that are
independent of the amount of a substance)
– Density
– Solubility
– boiling point
– melting point
Examples:
1) Water’s density = 1.0 g/ml, Vegetable oil = 0.7 g/ml
2) Iron is magnetic
3) Copper and gold are conductors of electricity
4) Water melts/freezes at 0⁰C
5) Water boils/condenses at 100⁰C
Physical Properties
Density
State of Matter
Mixtures and Compounds
Mixtures
• Mixtures are more than one
substance combined
together
• Trail mix
• Salad
Compounds
• Compounds are more than
one element combined
together in a molecule
• H20
• NaCl
• CO2
Mixtures
• Describe how to separate a given mixture
using differences in properties
– Density
– Solubility
– phase change temperature differences
– Size
– magnetic attraction
Compounds
• Describe that the chemical and physical
properties of a compound are different from
those of the reactants from which the
compound was formed.
+
=
sodium
http://www.freewebs.com/lindsey_ec/theusesofsodium.htm
http://easycalculation.com/chemistry/elements/test.php?name=chlorine
Salt
Atoms
• Identify that all matter is made of atoms.
• Identify the relationship between atoms and
elements
– matter made of only one kind of atom is called an
element
Kinetic Energy of Particles
Solids have slowly-moving atoms packed tightly together
definite shape, definite volume
Liquids have more freely-moving atoms
no definite shape, definite volume
Gases have very fast-moving atoms
no definite shape, no definite volume
Heat energy transfers
into kinetic energy
of particles.
(ex: Boiling Water)
Describe or predict changes in mass of
systems undergoing physical and/or
chemical changes
• Physical Change: a change that occurs where
there is still the same substance
– Ripping paper
– Cutting hair
– Phase changes
• Chemical Change: a change occurs where a new
substance is formed
– Burning
– Rust
– baking
Conservation of Mass
• Apply the concept of conservation of mass to
account for the mass before and after a physical
or chemical change in open and/or closed
systems (e.g., water boiling, vinegar reacting with
baking soda to produce a gas).
– The mass in a closed system stays the same even
AFTER a chemical or physical change.
Example: Burning 5g of paper in a closed jar won’t gain or lose
mass, it will just be 5g of something else (smoke, ashes, etc.)
Energy Forms and Transformations
• List forms of energy in a given system
– Light
– thermal (heat)
– Chemical
– Electrical
– Kinetic
– sound
Energy Transfers and Transformations
• Describe how energy is transformed from one
form to another and/or how energy is
transferred from one place to another in a
given system.
– Energy Transformation: light energy from the sun
transforms into chemical energy in a plant’s leaves
– Energy transfer: heat energy from a burner is
transferred into heat energy in a frying pan
• A thermal insulator resists the flow of heat
energy.
Layers of the Earth
• Compare the relative positions, thicknesses,
consistencies, and/or temperatures of Earth’s
crust, core, and/or mantle.
http://edu.glogster.com/media/2/7/83/4/7830440.jpg
Plate Tectonics
Convection in the upper mantle causes crustal
plate movement.
Convection is a heat
transfer where hot
matter rises and
cooler matter sinks.
Plate Tectonics
• Describe what may happen where plate
boundaries meet (i.e., earthquakes,
volcanoes, tsunamis, faults, mountain
building).
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/images/0_quiz-12.2-03.jpg
Light
http://effieboo.wordpress.com/2010/09/22/what-i-learned-in-chemistry/electromagnetic-spectrum/
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter19/color.html
• Describe that light from the Sun is made up of
a mixture of all colors of light.
• Identify evidence that light from the Sun (i.e.,
white light) is made up of a mixture of all
colors of light.
Light
• Describe that light emitted from an object or
reflected by an object into an eye is necessary
for the object to be seen.
Wave Energy
• Describe that waves (i.e., sound, light, water,
seismic) transfer energy.
– Light waves (EM spectrum)
– Sound waves (from speaker to ear)
– Seismic waves (earthquakes)
– Water (waves, tsunamis)
http://gr7itmaisha.blogspot.com/2010/04/science-brainpop-video-waves.html
http://www.scienceinthenews.org.uk/contents/?article=53
Light and Sound
• Compare characteristics of light and sound
waves (e.g., light waves can travel through a
vacuum while sound waves cannot).
http://www.mediacollege.com/audio/01/sound-waves.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/3536/Graphic-representations-of-a-sound-wave
Wave Speed
• Describe that waves move at different speeds
in different materials (e.g., sound travels more
quickly through water than through air).
Sound wave
http://learn.uci.edu/oo/getOCWPage.php?course=OC0811004&lesson=005&topic=003&page=14
Sound Waves
• Describe that sound waves are generated
and/or transmitted by a vibrating object.
http://snoreandguzzle.com/?page_id=16
http://network-communications.blogspot.com/2011/04/sound-sound-waves-fourier-sound-program.html
Earth/Sun/Moon
• Describe the motions of Earth and the Moon
relative to the Sun and to each other.
• Explain one or more phases of the Moon as
observed from Earth in terms of the Moon’s
changing relative position as the Moon orbits
Earth.
http://www.moonphases.info/moon_phases.html
Eclipses
• Describe an eclipse of the Moon and/or an
eclipse of the Sun in terms of the relative
positions of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon.
– Lunar Eclipse – moon enters earth shadow
– Solar Eclipse - moon’s shadow falls on earth
Phase vs. Eclipse
• Compare the causes of the phases of the
Moon with the causes of an eclipse of the
Moon.
http://musingsonnature.blogspot.com/2010/12/winter-solstice-lunar-eclipse.html
www.astrologycom.com/eclipse.html
Solar System
• Describe or compare characteristics of the Sun,
the Moon, Earth, other major planets, moons,
asteroids, plutoids, and/or comets (i.e., relative
size, composition).
• Describe or compare the relative positions
and/or distances between the Sun, the Moon,
Earth, and/or other major planets.
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/archive/2007/07_04_12.html
Earth/Sun Motion
• Describe how the motions of Earth and the
Sun explain the phenomena of day/night
and/or the length of a year on Earth.
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/global/global_intro.htm
Regular Motion
• Identify phenomena resulting from the regular
and predictable motion of objects in the Solar
System (e.g., day/night, rising and setting of
the Moon, year, phases of the Moon,
eclipses).
Gravity and Orbits
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/energy_electricity_forces/forces/revise3.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/gravity-earth-jupiter-and-pluto/1599.html
• Describe gravity as the force that keeps planets in
orbit and governs the motion of objects in the
Solar System.
• Identify gravity as the sole force holding objects to
Earth’s surface.
• Predict what would happen to an orbiting object
if gravity were increased, decreased, or taken
away
Galactic Address
• Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun in a
system that includes the Sun, Moon, 8 Planets
and their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids and
comets.
• Our Sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars
in the Milky Way Galaxy. Many of these stars
have planets orbiting around them.
• The Milky Way is one of hundreds of billions
of galaxies in our Universe.
http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/galactic%20caruosel.htm