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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The Benefits of World
Trade
SECTION 2 Financing World Trade
SECTION 3 Restrictions on World
Trade
CHAPTER SUMMARY
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
3
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Why It’s Important
What percent of goods in American stores
are foreign-made? What happens to the
dollars Americans spend outside the
United States? This chapter will explain
the importance of international trade and
how you benefit from it.
Click the Speaker button to
listen to Why It’s Important.
4
Chapter Overview
Chapter 18 explains the benefits of
international trade, absolute and
comparative advantage, exchange rates,
barriers to free trade, and major trade
agreements.
5
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Reader’s Guide
Section Overview
Section 1 discusses the benefits of international
trade and explains the difference between absolute
advantage and comparative advantage. 
Objectives
– What are the benefits of international trade? 
– What is the difference between absolute
advantage and comparative advantage?
7
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information. Section 1 begins on page 473 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Terms to Know
– imports 
– exports 
– absolute advantage 
– specialization 
– comparative advantage
Click the Speaker button to
listen to the Cover Story.
8
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information. Section 1 begins on page 473 of your textbook.
Introduction
• What would happen if the United States
could no longer sell goods to other
countries or buy goods in return. 
• Before you answer, you should be aware
that the value of imports–goods bought
from other countries for domestic use–is
about 14 percent of GDP in the United
States.
imports
good bought from other
countries for domestic use
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Introduction (cont.)
• That figure may not seem large, but many
inconveniences would result without
imports. 
• We would have no coffee, chocolate, or
pepper. 
• Also more than 60 percent of the radios,
television sets, and motorcycles sold in the
United States are imported. 
• Many raw materials also come from foreign
sources. 
• Nearly 100 percent of the nation’s bauxite,
from which aluminum is made, is imported.
10
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Lecture Launcher
• Japan and the United States are
exchanging views on how to open markets
and enhance trade. If the two nations can
come to an agreement, U.S. consumers
would enjoy increased access to auto,
building materials, and telecommunications
markets. Japanese consumers would
benefit from increased access to medical
devices, pharmaceuticals, financial
services, and energy.
11
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Lecture Launcher
• How is it that both Japan and the United
States can identify goods which they might
want to import? 
• Why is it that both nations can benefit from
trading with each other?
12
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Benefits of Trade
• Exports are goods sold to other
countries. 
• Many products are manufactured in more
than one country; some parts might be
imported and the rest made in the country.

• Economies differ among nations due to
differing natural resources, types and
amount of labor, and the amount of capital
available.
13
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Discussion Question
What are some types of products
that the United States might have
shortages of if we did not import?
Possible response: Products that
require an unskilled labor force and
natural resources we don’t have or
have a small supply of.
14
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Absolute vs. Competitive
• Determining what to export and import
depends on the relative costs of
production for different items. 
• Absolute advantage is the ability of one
country to produce a product more
efficiently than another country. 
• Specialization occurs when a nation finds
it profitable to produce and export a
limited assortment of goods for which it is
particularly suited.
15
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Absolute vs. Competitive (cont.)
• Comparative advantage is the ability of
one country to produce a product at a
lower opportunity cost than another
country. 
• Countries often specialize in and export
products for which they have an absolute
or comparative advantage. 
• The ultimate goal of international trade is
to gain imported products.
16
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Absolute Advantage (cont.)
Figure 18.2 Exports and Imports of the United States
Look at the graph
to see what
products the United
States imports and
exports. Name the
products that the
United States
exports more than
it imports.
Discussion Question
Suppose that the United States has
a comparative advantage producing
movies with Great Britain. How will
the d3cision of the U.S. to produce
movies help Great Britain?
Great Britain can take the resources
and labor it would have put into
making movies, and put them into
producing something in which it has
an absolute advantage, enabling the
country to export more.
18
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment
How important is international trade
to the United States economy?
Imports account for about 13 percent
of GDP. Also, more than 40 percent
of the nation’s engineering and
scientific instruments are exported. In
addition, about two-thirds of the
wheat produced in the United States
is sold abroad.
19
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Graphic Organizer Create a diagram
like the one on page 477 of your
textbook to explain the difference
between absolute advantage and
comparative advantage.
Absolute advantage–when one country,
using the same amount of resources as
another country, is able to produce a
particular product at a lower absolute cost.
Comparative advantage–when a country
can produce a particular product at a lower
opportunity cost than another country.
20
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Synthesizing Information Use
Figure 18.2 on page 476 of your
textbook to answer the following
question: In what two products do
trading partners seem to have the
greatest absolute advantage or
comparative advantage over the
United States? Explain?
Fuels and clothing.
21
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to display the answer.
Section Close
How would the United States be
poorer without the benefit of
international trade?
22
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Reader’s Guide
Section Overview
Section 2 outlines the transition from a fixed rate
of exchange to the current flexible rate of
exchange among international currencies. It also
discusses changes in the United States’s balance
of trade over the years. 
Objectives
– Why do nations need a system of currency
exchange rates? 
– How do the forces of supply and demand
determine flexible exchange rates? 
– How do exchange rates affect the balance of
trade?
24
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information. Section 2 begins on page 479 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Terms to Know
– exchange rate 
– foreign exchange markets 
– fixed rate of exchange 
– International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
– devaluation 
– flexible exchange rates 
– depreciation 
– balance of trade
Click the Speaker button to
listen to the Cover Story.
25
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information. Section 2 begins on page 479 of your textbook.
Introduction
• The United States uses the dollar as its
medium of exchange; Mexico, the peso;
India, the rupee; and Japan, the yen. 
• In this section, you’ll learn that to engage
in world trade, people must have a way
of knowing the exchange rate–what the
price of their currency is in terms of
another nation’s currency. They must
also be able to exchange one type of
currency for another.
exchange rate
the price of one nation’s
currency in terms of another
nation’s currency
26
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Lecture Launcher
• In 1994, following a crash in the Mexican
stock market, the value of the peso fell
42% in just eleven days. 
• Why does world trade depend on the
conversion of one currency into another? 
• What is the name for the market in which
these conversions take place?
27
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Fixed Exchange Rates
• Under a system of fixed exchange rates,
national governments valued their currency
in relation to a single standard. 
• Fixed exchange rates made it easy to
compare different currencies. 
• Devaluation is to lower a currency’s value
in relation to other currencies by
government order. 
• It is difficult to hold exchange rates
constant in an international economy.
28
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Fixed Exchange Rates (cont.)
Figure 18.4
Effects of Devaluation
These charts show how devaluation of the Japanese
Yen affects consumers in the United States.
Discussion Question
Why do you think it is so difficult to
keep the exchange rates constant in
an international economy?
Different countries have different
national economic situations. Some
might be flourishing while others are
experiencing recession, decline, or
slowing of growth. In addition,
situations in these countries are
changing daily. The more countries
you consider, the more difficult it is to
keep the comparison between them
constant.
30
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to display the answer.
Flexible Exchange Rates
• The forces of supply and demand set the
value of different currencies. 
• Depreciation occurs when a currency’s
price falls due to supply and demand. 
• Political or economic instability in a
country can affect its currency value.
31
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Discussion Question
Which is more significant to a
country’s currency value: supply
and demand or its political and
economic climate? Why?
Answers may vary. Students should
be able to support their answers with
logical arguments that demonstrate
an understanding of how these
factors affect currency value.
32
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Balance of Trade
• The balance of trade is the difference
between the value of imports and value
of exports. 
• A positive balance of trade means more
products are exported than imported.
33
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Balance of Trade
• A trade deficit occurs when more products
are imported than exported, resulting in a
negative balance of payments, meaning
more money is spent abroad than is taken
in. 
• A trade deficit is not always harmful
because it encourages foreigners to
invest in the U.S. economy.
34
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Balance of Trade (cont.)
Figure 18.5
United States
Balance of
Trade
This graph
shows how the
United States
has had a
negative balance
of trade for the
most part since
the 1970s.
Discussion Question
How might a positive balance of
trade be a negative factor of a
nation’s economy?
Possible responses: The country
might be exporting a great deal of its
most valuable products, but selling
little of those products within the
nation. Or people within the country
are so poor that they are unable to
buy a country’s products, so it must
sell most of them abroad.
36
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Section Assessment
Why do nations need a system of
currency exchange rates?
Nations need a system of currency
exchange rates to engage in
international trade.
37
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
How do the forces of supply and
demand determine flexible
exchange rates?
If the amount of dollars wanted by Japanese
exporters is greater than the quantity supplied
by Americans who buy Japanese goods, the
dollar become more expensive in relation to
the yen; it will take more yen to equal one
dollar. Conversely, if the amount of dollars
demanded by Japanese exporters is less
than the quantity supplied by American
buyers, the dollar will be less expensive in
relation to the yen.
38
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Graphic Organizer Create a diagram
like the one on page 484 of your
textbook to explain how exchange
rates affect the balance of trade.
weak currencymore exports
favorable balance of trade
strong currencyfewer exports
negative balance of trade
39
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Synthesizing Information How does a
weak American dollar affect you as a
consumer? How does a strong
American dollar affect you?
A weak dollar will mean you pay more
for foreign goods, while a strong dollar
means that you will pay less.
40
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Section Close
Explain why a “strong” dollar would
cause a trade deficit.
41
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Reader’s Guide
Section Overview
Section 3 explains how tariffs, quotas, and
embargoes can restrict imports; outlines the main
arguments for and against free trade; and
discusses the major world and regional trade
agreements. 
Objectives
– How can a nation restrict imports? 
– What are three arguments for and against free
trade? 
– What are some current international and
regional trade agreements?
43
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information. Section 3 begins on page 486 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Terms to Know
– tariff 
– revenue tariff 
– World Trade
Organization (WTO) 
– import quota 
– North American Free
Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) 
– embargo 
– European Union (EU)
– protective tariff 
– protectionists 
– General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) 
Click the Speaker button to
listen to the Cover Story.
44
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information. Section 3 begins on page 486 of your textbook.
Introduction
• To trade or not to trade?

• The difficulties that different currencies
cause are only one problem of world
trade. 
• There are also natural barriers, which
include the differences in languages and
cultures between various trading partners.

• In this section, you’ll learn that some
nations may set restrictions to discourage
or limit trade.
45
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Lecture Launcher
• In December of 1999, 25,000 peaceful
marchers met in Seattle to protest the
World Trade Organization (WTO).
Environmentalists and labor unions, joined
with a variety of other groups to argue that
if the WTO policies prevail, America and
other nations will lose their prerogative to
restrict imports. Protesters warned that
under WTO policies it is not permissible to
block imports for the purpose of protecting
domestic industry, or even on the basis of
the way a good is produced.
46
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Lecture Launcher (cont.)
• That could mean the end of turtle safe
shrimp nets and child-labor protection.
When some of the protesters began
smashing in store windows police used
tear gas and pepper spray, and arrested
about 500 demonstrators. 
• What are some of the natural barriers to
trade? 
• How have nations been able to discourage
or limit trade?
47
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Three Ways to Restrict Imports
• Tariffs or taxes on imports. 
• Revenue tariffs raise income without
restricting imports. 
• Protective tariffs raise the cost of imported
goods to discourage people from buying
imports. 
• Imports quotas limit the number of units of
a particular good that can be imported. 
• Embargoes are complete restrictions on
importing or exporting certain goods. 
• Embargoes can also be applied to a
specific country.
48
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Discussion Question
Explain how embargoes differ from
taxes and quotas in their intention
and effect.
In intention: Embargoes are
motivated by political agendas, not
economic reasoning. In effect:
Embargoes do not encourage or
discourage imports overall; taxes and
quotas can do that.
49
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Arguments Against Free Trade
• Protectionists are people who argue for
trade restrictions. 
• Job security—free trade can mean a loss
of jobs for national workers. 
• National economic security— free trade
can impact industries that are critical to a
nation’s economy.
• Protection of infant industry—free trade
can negatively impact new industries.
50
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Discussion Question
How would you respond to the
argument that free trade takes away
jobs from national workers?
Some students may agree with this
argument. Others may say that free
trade actually provides other jobs
producing products that the country
exports.
51
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Arguments for Free Trade
• Improved imports—free trade can lead to
better products, causing the consumer to
benefit and the standard of living to
increase. 
• Export industries—free trade benefits a
nation’s export industries. 
• Specialization and comparative
advantage—the specialization
associated with free trade brings more
goods at lower prices.
52
Discussion Question
How would you respond to the
argument that Free Trade leads to
an increased standard of living?
Some students may agree with this
argument. Others may say that the
standard of living may not really
increase if a country’s economy
suffers due to a tremendous trade
deficit.
53
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Trade Agreements
• The General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) states that member
nations agree on tariff reductions that
benefit all members. 
• The World Trade Organization (WTO)
was established in 1993 to replace
GATT; it is the farthest-reaching global
trade agreement in history.
54
Trade Agreements (cont.)
• Regional trade agreements have been
reached in many parts of the world to
increase free trade. 
• Examples of regional trade agreements:
NAFTA—Canada, U.S., and Mexico; the
European Union—15 European nations,
with 10 other countries to join in 2004.
55
Discussion Question
How do regional trade agreements
increase the economic clout of
smaller countries when negotiating
trade balances?
Alone, smaller countries have less
negotiating power when dealing with
large countries. However, if a smaller
nation belongs to a trading group,
then the entire group can negotiate.
Or, the mere existence of that group
might change the impact the trade
relationship might have on the larger
nation.
56
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Section Assessment
How can a nation restrict imports?
A nation can restrict imports through
tariffs, quotas, and embargoes.
57
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What are three arguments for and
against free trade?
arguments for: improved quality
through competition, health of export
industry, comparative advantage
through specialization
arguments against: loss of job security,
need to protect infant industries, need
to protect national economic security
58
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Graphic Organizer Create a chart
like the one on page 489 of your
textbook to list and describe at least
three trade agreements.
GATT–to establish tariff reductions that were
mutually advantageous to all members
WTO–replaced GATT, to reduce tariffs
NAFTA–to increase free trade among the
United States, Canada, and Mexico
EU–to eliminate trade restrictions among
member nations
59
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Summarizing Information Research
the benefits and costs of the North
American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) on the Internet. Scan several
articles to identify which groups
support NAFTA and which groups
oppose the trade agreement. Evaluate
the reasons each group gives for
supporting or opposing NAFTA.
Answers will vary.
60
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Section Close
Do you think development of large
regional trade agreements such as
NAFTA and the European Union will
encourage protectionism or free
trade? Explain your answers.
61
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Section 1: The Benefits of World
Trade
• Trade is important because imports supply us
with many goods and natural resources, and
many American workers are employed in
industries that export products abroad. 
• Absolute advantage is the ability of one country,
using the same amount of resources as another
country, to produce a particular product at a lower
absolute cost. 
• Comparative advantage is the ability of a country
to produce a product at a lower opportunity cost
than another country.
63
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Section 2: Financing World Trade
• Foreign exchange markets allow businesses
around the world to exchange their currency for
another currency. 
• Under a fixed exchange rate, a nation’s currency
was tied to a certain standard–usually the amount
of gold the nation held in reserve. 
• Under a flexible exchange rate system, the
forces of supply and demand are allowed to set the
price of various currencies. 
• The rate at which a currency is being exchanged
can have an important effect on a nation’s balance
of trade.
64
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Section 2: Financing World Trade (cont.)
• If a nation’s currency depreciates, the nation will
likely export more goods and services. If a
nation’s currency increases in value, the amount
of its exports will decline.
65
Section 3: Restrictions on World
Trade
• Three major barriers to world trade are tariffs,
quotas, and embargoes. 
• Protectionists are in favor of trade restrictions to
protect American jobs, to protect national security,
and to protect infant industries. 
• Those who argue for free trade believe that
competition results in better products at lower
prices and that restricting imports hurts export
industries. 
• Recent trade agreements such as the World
Trade Organization, the North American Free
Trade Agreement, and the European Union have
worked to lower trade restrictions.
66
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Recalling Facts and Ideas
How does a country determine
whether it has a comparative
advantage in the production of
certain goods?
by determining its own opportunity
costs and those of other countries
producing the same goods
68
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Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
What does the United States gain
from international trade?
products it cannot produce and raw
materials it does not have; many
industries then export much of what
they produce
69
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Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
“America can produce more DVDs
per labor hour than can any other
country in the world.” Is this an
example of an absolute advantage or
a comparative advantage?
absolute advantage
70
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Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
Why are foreign exchange markets
necessary?
so that individuals and businesses
can easily and quickly convert one
currency to another
71
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Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
Why was it difficult to maintain a
system of fixed rates of exchange?
because the international economic
climate was constantly changing
72
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to display the answer.
Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
What is the difference between a
revenue tariff and a protective tariff?
A revenue tariff raises income. A
protective tariff limits imports to
protect domestic industries.
73
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to display the answer.
Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
What are three arguments against
free trade?
loss of job security, need to protect
infant industries, need to protect
national economic security
74
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to display the answer.
Recalling Facts and Ideas (cont.)
What is also affected when
restrictions are put on imports?
exports
75
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Thinking Critically
Making Predictions If the value of
the dollar fell in relation to other
currencies, what would you expect
to happen to American exports?
American exports should increase,
because American products would be
cheaper in foreign markets.
76
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Thinking Critically (cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect
Create a diagram like the one on
page 493 of your textbook to show
how protecting infant industries will
allow them to grow.
Tariff placed on imports raises their
pricesprices of domestic products
remain lowprotected industries
recoup costs before they must
compete with those of other nations.
77
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to display the answer.
Reviewing Skills
• Applying the Writing Process There are
virtually no restrictions on trade within the 50
states, mainly because the Constitution of the
United States forbids it. 
• Write a one-page description of problems that
might have arisen if the Constitution had been
silent on trade among the states. 
• Include in your paper the section or sections in
the Constitution that prohibit at least one
restriction on international trade.
78
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The value of the currency of the
nation you plan to vacation in falls
against the dollar. How might this
affect your vacation?
A dollar will buy more of the foreign
currency, essentially making the
vacation cheaper.
79
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Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Imagine you are an owner of a small manufacturing
company. You have an opportunity to increase
sales of the product by exporting it. Identify the
laws, customs, consumer preferences, and other
types of information you will need to know about the
countries you intend to export to. This chapter deals
with trade among nations.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Economics: Today and Tomorrow Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site,
manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/economics/econtoday2005/
index.php
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
BusinessWeek Web site. At this site, you will find up-to-date
information dealing with all aspects of economics. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.businessweek.com
Mexican Makeover
One problem resulting from NAFTA is traffic
congestion at border crossings between Mexico
and the United States. To relieve the congestion
at the crossing point at Laredo, the U.S.
government constructed the $107 million World
Trade Bridge that now serves around 10,000
trucks per day. The bridge features technology
to speedily identify and weigh trucks.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 490 of your textbook.
Mexican Makeover
How has NAFTA affected Mexico’s
exports?
Since 1993, Mexican exports have more
than doubled to $115 billion.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 490 of your textbook.
Mexican Makeover
How has NAFTA affected Mexico’s
entrepreneurs?
They are becoming more confident in their
ability to compete.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 490 of your textbook.
Economics and You
Video 24: International Trade
After viewing International Trade, you should be able to… 
• define import and export. 
• differentiate between a trade surplus and a trade
deficit. 
• explain the circumstances that lead to positive or
negative balances of trade. 
• define the floating rate system of foreign exchange.
Continued on next slide.
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Economics and You
Video 24: International Trade
Disc 1, Side 2
Chapter 24
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anytime throughout this
section to play the complete
video if you have a videodisc
player attached to your
computer.
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Continued on next slide.
Economics and You
Video 24: International Trade
What causes a surplus in a nation’s
balance of trade?
A trade surplus occurs
when the value of goods a
nation exports is higher
than the value of goods
imported.
Disc 1, Side 2
Chapter 24
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to display the answer.
Applying the
Writing Process
Researching and writing allow you to
organize your ideas in a logical manner. The
writing process involves using skills you have
already learned, such as taking notes,
outlining, and synthesizing information.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
Applying the
Writing Process
Learning the Skill
Use the guidelines listed below to help you apply
the writing process: 
– Select an interesting topic. Do preliminary
research to determine whether your topic is too
broad or too narrow. 
– Write a thesis statement that defines what you
want to prove, discover, or illustrate in your
writing. This will be the focus of your entire
paper.
Continued on next slide.
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Applying the
Writing Process
Learning the Skill (cont.)
– Research your topic by formulating a list of main
ideas and preparing note cards listing facts and
source information for each main idea. 
– Your report should have an introduction, a body, and
a conclusion summarizing and restating your
findings. 
– Each paragraph should express one main idea in a
topic sentence. Additional sentences support or
explain the main idea by using details and facts.
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information. This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
Applying the
Writing Process
Practicing the Skill
• Suppose you are writing a report on
international trade. Answer the following
questions about the writing process.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
Applying the
Writing Process
How could you narrow this topic?
Answers will vary. Suggestions might
include focusing on regional trade, the
United States’s major trading partners, or
international trade agreements.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
Applying the
Writing Process
What are three main ideas that
should be included in this report?
Answers will vary according to the focus
chosen in question 1.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
Applying the
Writing Process
Name three possible sources of
information about international trade.
Suggestions might include Web sites of
trade organizations, almanacs, and the
Statistical Abstract.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
Applying the
Writing Process
What maps, charts, and graphs might
you include with your report?
world maps, international trade
cartograms, bar graphs comparing imports
and exports, and so on
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 478 of your textbook.
The European Union
The European Union (EU) is an organization
of 15 independent European nations whose
goal is to create a unified and strong market.
The map on the following slide shows the
value of trade between the EU and other
world regions.
Continued on next slide.
Embargoes
In 1986 Congress passed an embargo on trade
with South Africa in response to that country’s
system of apartheid. In the 1990s, embargoes
on a specific product–yellowfin tuna–were
ordered against several countries, including
Mexico, Panama, Italy, and Japan, because
these countries did not meet the “dolphin safe”
requirement.
James Tobin
1918–2002
Click the picture to listen to
the selection on page 485
of your textbook to find out
more about James Tobin.
Be prepared to answer
questions that appear on
the next two slides.
This feature is found on page 485 of your textbook.
James Tobin
1918–2002
What is the Tobin tax?
What is its purpose?
a tax about one-tenth of
1 percent per dollar on foreign
exchange transactions; to
discourage speculation in foreign
exchange markets
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 485 of your textbook.
James Tobin
1918–2002
Why, according to
Tobin, will the Tobin
tax not be
implemented?
because finance ministers
of major countries, the central
banks of these countries, and the
IMF are not supportive of such a tax
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 485 of your textbook.
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