24 Slides to More Powerful Command of Microeconomics Remember MR = MC Microeconomics In Pictures First Picture The Production Possibilities Frontier Tradeoffs in Pictures Quantity of Computers Produced D 3,000 C 2,200 2,000 A B 1,000 0 Feasible but Inefficient 300 600 700 Infeasible Pts Production Possibilities Frontier Efficient Points 1,000 Quantity of Cars Produced Second Picture Supply and Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply $3.00 Equilibrium 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Demand 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Supply and Demand on Parade An Increase in Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone 1. Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream... Supply $2.50 New equilibrium 2.00 2. ...resulting in a higher price... Initial equilibrium D2 D1 0 3. ...and a higher quantity sold. 7 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones A Decrease in Supply Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 1. An earthquake reduces the supply of ice cream... S1 New equilibrium $2.50 2.00 Initial equilibrium 2. ...resulting in a higher price... Demand 0 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3. ...and a lower quantity sold. Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Elastic Demand: Quantity demanded responds dramatically to price Price Elasticity is greater than 1 1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4 Demand Quantity 50 100 2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity. Elasticity (Q/Q) (P/P) Elastic Demand: P Q TR Inelastic Demand: P Q TR • Demand is more elastic when there are lots of ways to substitute. • Demand is more elastic in the long run than in the short run. Inelastic Supply: Quantity doesn’t respond much to price Price Elasticity is less than 1 Supply 1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4 Quantity 100 110 2. ...leads to a 10% increase in quantity. The Minimum Wage A Price Floor Wage Labor surplus (unemployment) Labor supply Minimum wage Labor demand 0 Quantity demanded Quantity supplied Quantity of Labor Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus Price A D Equilibrium price Supply Consumer surplus E Producer surplus B Demand C 0 Equilibrium quantity Quantity Efficiency of Competitive Market Equilibrium … and the Tax Wedge Price Supply Value to buyers Cost to sellers Cost to sellers 0 Value to buyers Demand Equilibrium quantity Value to buyers is greater than cost to sellers. Value to buyers is less than cost to sellers. Quantity The Effects of a Tariff Deadweight Loss Price of Steel Domestic supply A Deadweight loss B Price with tariff C Price without tariff G 0 D Q 1S E Imports with tariff Q 2S Tariff F Domestic demand Q 2D Q 1D Imports without tariff World price Quantity of Steel Externalities and the Social Optimum Price of Aluminum Social cost Cost of pollution Supply (private cost) Optimum Market Equilibrium Demand (private value) 0 Qoptimum QMARKE T Quantity of Aluminum Remember Marginal Benefit = Marginal Cost Benefit What buyers are willing to pay (demand curve) Social Cost = Private cost + Spillover cost The Labor Market: Hire to Point Where MR = MC VMPL = P x MPL = W (a) The Market for Apples Price of Apples (b) The Market for Apple Pickers Supply Wage of Apple Pickers Supply W P Demand Demand 0 Q Quantity of Apples 0 L Quantity of Apple Pickers The Profit Maximizing Firm Remember MR = MC The Production Function: Diminishing Marginal Product Increasing Marginal Costs 350 300 5 Quantity of Apples 4 250 3 200 2 150 100 1 50 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 Quantity of Apple Pickers 5 6 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived item Profit Maximization for the Competitive Firm... Costs and Revenue REMEMBER: MC = MR (= P) MC MC2 ATC P=MR1 AVC MC1 0 Q1 QMAX Q2 P = AR = MR for competitive firm Quantity The Firm’s Short-Run Decision to Shut Down... Costs Firm’s short-run supply curve If P > ATC, keep producing at a profit. If P > AVC, keep producing in the short run. MC ATC AVC If P < AVC, shut down. 0 Quantity Economies and Diseconomies of Scale: The Firm in the Long Run Average Total Cost ATC in long run Economies of scale 0 Constant Returns to scale Diseconomies of scale Quantity of Cars per Day Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Monopoly Profit The monopolist can earn profit in the short-run and in the long-run thanks to barriers to entry Costs and Revenue Marginal cost Monopoly E price B Average total cost Average total cost D C Demand Marginal revenue 0 QMAX Quantity