Greece and Iran Chapter 4
Warm Up
1. Explain in your own words the happenings on
September 11, 2001
– Why did this happen
– How does it impact the world around us
– How is the US viewed by other countries and
why
– Why is it important to remember this event
every year
– What should be the lasting impact of this event
Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why did the Phoenicians turn to trading?
What sea did they trade along?
First colony: Location:
Religion of Carthage:
Explain naval warfare:
Conquered the Assyrians:
• I. Ancient Iran, 1000-500 BCE
– A. Geography and Resources
– Iran is located around mountains and near the
Persian Gulf which left Iran open to attack from
Central Asia
– Iran had limited resources and water was scarce, did
have irrigation but was underground
– Mineral resources included: copper, tin, iron, gold,
silver, and timber
– B. Rise of the Persian Empire
– Median kingdom destroyed the Assyrian empire in
the 7th century BCE
– Cyrus the Great overthrew the Median king and built
the Persian Empire
– Persian empire had 3 founders: Cyrus, Cambyses, and
Darius I
– Cyrus the Great was the first king who united all of
Persian empire
– Cyrus captured Lydia in 546 BCE and Mesopotamia in
539 BCE
– Cambyses defeated Egypt
– Darius I extended the empire to the Indus river valley
Cyrus the Great
Cambyses
King Darius
– C. Imperial Organization and Ideology
– King Darius divided his empire into 20 provinces and
had satraps run these provinces
– Position of satraps was hereditary
– Provinces were required to pay a tribute to the
government and the government stored the gold and
silver
– Provinces were connected by system of well
maintained roads that led to the capital city (these
roads will be the foundation for the Silk Road)
– Kings were the lawgivers but let the provinces keep
their traditions and religions
– Persian empire had a religion called Zoroastrianism
– Religion states that the universe is dualistic and that
good and evil are always struggling
– When good prevails the world will be in a pure state
and the individuals will be either rewarded or
punished for their actions
• II. Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 BCE
– A. Geography and Resources
– Greece did not have much to farm on but was on the
coast and had plentiful coastline for harbors
– B. Emergence of the Polis
– Mycenaean Greeks were the first true civilization,
after their fall a Dark Age impacted Greece
– The Phoenicians (trading empire) played an
important role in getting Greece out of the Dark Ages
and into the Archaic period
– Archaic period included urbanization, specialization,
and the development of the polis
– The Polis (city state) was the Greece urban center and
is how Greeks defined themselves
– Polis included an agora (public marketplace, meeting
place, and religious center), fortified walls to protect,
and public buildings to facilitate
– There is little distinction between the rich and poor
– Greeks created soldiers called hoplites
– Hoplites were heavily armored infantry in close
formations called a phalanx
– Phalanx = a wall of shields created by foot soldiers
marching close together in rectangular formation
Greek Hoplite
Hoplite Helmet
• Weigh 10 pounds
• Restricted Vision and
Hearing
• Protected from sword
and arrow
Hoplites Equipment
• the thrusting spear, measuring
between 6 to 10 feet in length
• For close-in fighting, the hoplite would be
armed with a 2-foot long sword held in an
underarm wooden scabbard covered with
strengthened leather (with bronze fittings)
• Only use their sword if spear was broken or
gone
• The next important element in the hopla was
the hoplite shield. Weighing in at some 12 to
15 pounds, the hoplon was a relatively large
rounded piece of protection that shielded the
user by covering his lower face on down to
about mid-knee.
• The hoplon was predominantly made of wood
with a bronze-constructed facing and
furthered strengthened by a leather inner
lining. The wearer would slip his forearm into
a band on the inside of the shield for
maximum fit and grip another available loop
band in his hand.
• Shield was personal, hoplites would make
personal designs on their own shields
• One Hoplite is documented as putting a small
fly on his shield and saying he would get so
close to the enemy that it would look like a
lion
• Lower torsos were protected in a limited
fashion by the use of pteruges, allowing the
hoplite full freedom to run at full speed
should the situation require it. Molded bronze
greaves were allotted to the shins with basic
sandals used for footwear
– Greeks were very involved in colonization when they
could not meet populations needs
– Colonization would lead to resources and income
– Invention in Lydia: coins begin to circulate in Lydia
and now people have a similar form of currency to
trade in Greece
– Out of Greece comes two forms of government: the
oligarchy (Sparta) and democracy (Athens)
– Oligarchy is a rule by few, Sparta will have 2 kings
– Democracy is a rule by many, Athens will have the
people vote on issues
– Greek mythology is based on the nature around
them and will create ceremonies and sacrifices
– Oracles are men who guide the people and give
advise from the gods
– C. New Intellectual Currents
– Concept of Humanism: Greeks begin to focus on the
individual and knowledge
– Bettering yourself and becoming more
knowledgeable
– Philosophy and Rationalization will come out of
Greece because of this concept of humanism
(knowledge for knowledge’s sake)
– People begin to explain how the world is created and
why it changes
– The gods no longer are the answer for changes in the
world
– Herodotus begins to keep records and explain events
(first historian)
Warm Up
1.
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4.
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6.
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8.
9.
First king of united Persia:
Define Satrap:
How did the Persian empire appease their colonies
Persian religion:
800-480 BCE was the _________ period in Greece
Greek soldiers:
Greek formation and its success:
2 types of government in Greece:
Humanism:
Warm Up
1. Describe the Minoans and why people do not
regard them as the first “Greeks”
2. Two books written by Homer:
3. Explain how the Assyrians used terror in their
empire:
4. Assyrians created what in Nineveh:
5. Explain the Phoenician empire:
6. What is the greatest impact of the Phoenician
empire?
7. What colony did the Phoenicians establish in Africa?
8. Explain the impact of the Jewish Diaspora
– D. Athens and Sparta
– Foreign Policy:
– Sparta—Like most city-states, Sparta needed more
land, so they conquered neighboring peoples instead
of starting new colonies
– The Spartans turned these conquered peoples into
helots = state slaves
– The helots were given to Spartan citizens to work on
farms
– Spartans were now free to spend all their time
training for war
– Helots outnumbered Spartan citizens by 7 to 1
– Foreigners were discouraged from visiting and
Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad
– Kept out dangerous ideas and discouraged new
thoughts
– Foreign Policy:
– Athens—Economy was based on farming and trade
– Encouraged to travel, make connections, and trade
– Liked new ideas and cultures
– Role of Women:
– Sparta—Expected to exercise and raise healthy
children
– Had greater freedom and power in the household
due to separation from their husbands
– Could own property
Sparta
– Role of Women:
– Athens—Women could not own property and always
had a male guardian
– Chief obligation was to have children
– Were expected to stay at home and out of sight,
unless attending religious festivals or funerals
– Government:
– Sparta—Was an oligarchy headed by two kings who
led the army on its campaigns
– Government:
– Athens—Democracy with 3 bodies
– Council of 500 (propose law)
– Athenian Assembly (voted on proposed laws)
– People’s Court (enforce laws)
• III. Struggle for Persia and Greece, 546-323 BCE
– A. Early Encounters
– Greek cities of Anatolia (Ionia) revolt against the
Persian rule
– King Darius angered about revolt attacks Greece in an
attempt to take Athens (Battle of Marathon)
– Battle of Marathon is a disaster for the Persians and
they are forced to retreat
– Darius plans another attack but dies before it is
carried out
– Son is Xerxes who plans to carry out father’s plans
Battle of Marathon
• In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of
600 ships disgorged an invasion force of
approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on
Greek soil just north of Athens. Their mission
was to crush the Greek states in retaliation for
their support of their Ionian cousins who had
revolted against Persian rule.
• One of the Greek generals - Miltiades - made a
passionate plea for boldness and convinced
his fellow generals to attack the Persians.
Miltiades ordered the Greek hoplites to form a
line equal in length to that of the Persians.
Then - in an act that his enemy believed to be
complete madness - he ordered his Greek
warriors to attack the Persian line at a dead
run.
• In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek
line weakened and gave way, but the flanks
were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped
Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were
slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.
– Battle at Marathon – Athenians attack the
Persians while they are unloading and the
Persians retreat
– An Athenian messenger runs 26 miles from
Marathon to Athens to announce “nike!!”
–Which means victory in Greek
• He dies after delivering the message
Xerxes of Persia
King Leonidas
– Battle of Thermopylae:
– Greeks do not have enough time to reassemble men
to hold of millions of Persians
– King Leonidas and 300 men plan to delay Persians to
help Greece
– Delay for several days until Ephialtes shows way
around
– Navy of Athens also helps hold Persians
PHALANX FORMATION
• Massively outnumbered the Spartan navy
attacks the Persian navy
• Happens during the evening so that the battle
will not be too long in cause Spartans lose
ground
• Spartans destroy some of the warships and
retreat back because of nightfall
• Persians send 200 warships to go around the
Island of Ionia and around the Spartan navy
• All 200 ships are caught in a storm and sink
Ephialtes
• The local that showed the Persians the path
behind the 300 Spartans
• Was a shepherd of Sparta and became a
traitor
• Showed Persians for monetary profit
– Battle of Salamis:
– Persia is now on the mainland of Greece destroying
cities
– Persian navy is lifeline to army so Athens draws
Persian navy into a small strait and easily defeat the
large Persian ships
– Now the Persian army is left on the mainland of
Greece with no supplies or replenishment
– 479 BCE Greeks defeat Persians ending the war
– After the war Greece creates alliances so this attack
does not happen again
– Sparta—Hellenistic League
– Athens—Delian League 477 BCE
Battle over Salami?
– B. Height of Athenian Power
– Delian League’s stated purpose: was set up by Athens
for protection of the Greek city states
– Athens has largest cities and largest navy so cities in
the league give Athens money
– Athens uses money to rebuild their own city
(real purpose) not help with the alliance
– Athens power is in their navy
– Trireme is a boat for speed (170 oar!) and ramming
and will be the best boat in the Athenian navy
– Socrates:
– Socrates was charged with disrespect for religion and
corrupting the city’s children. Thought he caused
children to question the actions of the gods.
Sentenced to death by drinking a cup of hemlock
– Plato:
– His most famous work was the Republic
• Gov’t should be led by the people most qualified
to make good decisions – philosophers
– Aristotle was Plato’s student, Alexander the Great
was Aristotle’s student
Plato
Plato
– C. Failure of the City State and Triumph of the
Macedonians
– Delian League became a fundraiser for the city of
Athens
– If a city left the Delian League all other cities would
attack (signed agreement)
– Delian League led to the Peloponnesian War in 431
BCE
– Sparta attacked Athens on the ground and Athenian
people including Pericles (leader of Athens) hid inside
the city walls
– Disease breaks out and 1/3 of the people including
Pericles die
– Sparta wins but does not know how to control all of
Greece
– Sparta could not rule and the kingdom of Macedonia
came to power in Greece
– King Philip is the leader of Macedonia and his son is
Alexander the Great
– King Philip equipped his soldiers with longer spears,
cavalry, infantry, and catapults
– Philip’s son was Alexander the Great who defeated
the Persians and his empire stretched to Pakistan
– Alexander the Great stretches his empire to Pakistan
before returning home (dies on the way back)
• III. Hellenistic Synthesis, 323-30 BCE
– A. Hellenistic Kingdoms
– In the end the empire was divided among the three most
powerful generals
• Macedonia and Greece, Persian Empire, and Egypt
– Alexander the Great died and his empire breaks into three
empires called Hellenistic Kingdoms
– Alexandria was the greatest city located in Africa on the
Mediterranean Sea
– Hellenism: means “to imitate the Greeks”
– Expansion of Greek language and ideas to other parts of
the world
– Massive spread of Greek colonists to Asia