Dakar Workshop
CRP “PIM” - WB - PPZS
Highlights on PPZS
Activities – Results - Perspectives
May 13rd, 2013
Centre de Suivi Ecologique
Organisation – Partnership –
Activities
Scientific issues
1. Is the evolution of the pastoral systems compatible with
sustainable NRM and ecosystems management?
2. How to secure and improve the production system and the
livelihood of Sahelian pastoral societies?
1. What is the contribution of the pastoral livestock herding to
the animal production and how to increase its technical and
economical performances? What is its contribution to
national economies?
2. What tools of analysis, management and decision support
to build for the stakeholders?
Staffing trends during the quadrennial 2010-2013
PPZS Staff
23
17
16
16
2
Feb 09 - Feb 10
2
2
Feb 10 - July 11
2
July 11 - May 12
Researchers
May 12 - June 13
Support staff
Staff by category
9
7
5
6
4
Feb 09 - Feb 10
7
6
6
4
Feb 10 - July 11
Biophysical Sciences
10
4
July 11 - May 12
Social Sciences
4
May 12 - June 13
Modelling
PPZS and others
West African
research platforms
CEDEAO
ASAP
CORAF
CILSS AGRHYMET
INRAN
PPZS
SISTO
PPZS and CGIARS partners
« Coraf Intensification» (2011-13)
« ANR IGLOOS» (2013-2014)
Options
for
a
Sustainable
Intensification of Agropastoral
Production Systems in West
Africa
Locally
held
geographic
knowledge
and
large
scale
decision support platforms. A
case study in Senegal
Countries: Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso,
Niger
Country: Senegal
ILRI - CSIRO
« Animal Change» (2011-2014)
IFPRI
« E-ATLAS SAKSS » (2012-2013)
An Integration of Mitigation and
Adaptation
Options
for
Sustainable Livestock Production
under Climate Change
Mapping
and
geographical
information
systems
on
agriculture and food security.
Countries: many including Senegal
Countries: Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kenya,
Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana,
Benin
ILRI
« PROGEBE » (2012)
Study on marketing opportunities
and constraints of endemic
ruminant livestock in West Africa
Countries: Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Gambia
ILRI
IFPRI
The Economics of Resilience
(2013)
Livestock sector for the African
Drylands ESW
Countries: West and East African Drylands
ILRI – IFPRI - ICARDA
PPZS at a glance (1)
Co-publications main ratios
Training activities
Global publication ratio: 2,44 per researcher
15 Master’s students on average per year from North
and South universities
Reviews: 0,56 per researcher
Book chapters: 0,56 per researcher
International conferences: 0,81 per researcher
Technical reports: 0,19 per researcher
Scientific flyers: 0,31 per researcher
Collective publications
Training modules on « Pastoralism in the Sahel » for
professionnals, research institutions, NGOs, producers
 Complete module > 400 slides
Atlas on « The evolutions of the pastoral systems in
the Sahel - 1970-2012 »
 Senegal, Mali, Niger and Chad
Collective book on « Pastoral Mobilities and
Development: motivations, constraints, effects and
regulations »
 Manuscript: 2nd semester 2013
PhD: 10 students with close collaboration between
North and South universities

6 students from the South universities
Doctorate Es Science (Post-doctoral degree): 1 researcher
from a South university
Superieur education – 2011-2013
Beyond full-time teachers from UCAD, others researchers
offer courses in:
Economics of pastoralism: 34 hours (UCAD-FST, EISMV)
Geomatic: 42 hours (UCAD-FST, UCAD-ESP, EISMV, UGB)
Project appraisal: 10 hours (UCAD-FST, EISMV)
Socioeconomics: 27 hours (UCAD-FST, University of
Valencia, university of Montpellier 2, University of Paris 11)
Pastoralism, Society and Territories: 2 weeks (university of
Montpellier 2)
Cowbanks tools: 12 hours (UCAD-ISE)
Water management in pastoral systems: 3 hours (EISMV)
Durability of pastoral systems: 15 hours (UCAD-FST)
PPZS at a glance (2)
• most of all .. an approach
– primary data collection and global trends analysis
• deeper knowledge of the areas in question,
partnership implementation and multidisciplinarity
–
–
–
–
quantitative and qualitative information
multiscale
multistakeholders
participatory
• collective results: scientific papers, Atlas on evolutions
of Sahelian pastoral systems, E-Atlas, Training modules
…
Some results
Debate on the role of pastoralism
… a gradual recognition of
– longevity of African pastoralism (6-7 000 years): adaptation to
arid environments (Nicoll, 2004)
– minor role in environmental degradation and desertification
– contribution of pastoralism to food and nutrition security in the
Sahel and West African countries
– pastoralism: production system and livelihood of 20 million
people with effects on millions more
… but
– late recognition of the role of pastoralism in valorizing rural
land and natural resources ... after a long period of
stigmatization
Main functions (1)
Economic
30 % Agr GDP in the Sahel; cash income; savings; salary
employment growing
Provide coastal markets
Not enough to respond regional demand growth (trade deficit)
Ecological
Positive impacts: soil fertility; biodiversity; water cycle; C
sequestration
Some concerns (Livestock’s Long Shadow, FAO 2006): GHG
Main functions (2)
Social
•
•
•
•
Traditional common resources use and regulations
Society organisation on herd/pasture/water
Collective risk management;
Social Reproduction
Food security
• Pastoral: food; savings; income
• Agropastoral: decreasing revenue from agriculture and
land pressure > rural exodus
• Public authorities: low support to local production (export
prices; low import taxes; services)
Sahelian pastoralism: production system and livelihood in the context of risks,
uncertainties and opportunities
Economic Risks /
Uncertainties /
opportunities
Climate Risks /
Uncertainties
Non-market inputs
Market inputs
- animals
- natural resources
- family labor
- animals
- wage Labor
- animal feed
Productions
Diversification
- livestock
- derivatives (milk, butter)
Global
Productions
Stored
Production
Political Risks /
Uncertainties /
Opportunities
Sold
Production
Self-consumed
Production
Social Risks /
Uncertainties /
Opportunities
Wealth creation…but income inequalities linked to ecological
disparities
Tatki
Rewane
Average income: 3,373,167
Gini index: 55.4
Average income: 1,682,157
Gini index: 58.8
Boulal
Average income: 2,217,928
Gini index: 47.7
Thiel
Average income: 2,235,909
Gini index: 45.8
Mbame
Average income: 3,690,958
Gini index: 42.4
Climate challenge
• High spatial variability (20-30 km)
• Major crisis when 2 successive dry years : stocks run short
• Local differences > global trends; extreme events)
• Adaptation to this environment: mobility; species; herd size;
crop areas; diversification
Economics challenge
Little information about animal feed and effect on animal feed market
Heterogeneous national contexts (import taxes; production; exchange rate)
Effect of « terms of trade » variations mainly correlated to harvest and rainfall
Exacerbation with speculation and price volatility
Strong growth of demand of meat and milk in 2020
313
MENAKA
250
140
275
175
200
225
100
163
143
143
120
188
163
155
80
60
40
100
20
100
Wholesaler "NMA Senders"
2002-2003 (mauvaise)
2007-2008 (bonne)
2009-2010
mai
avril
mars
février
janvier
décembre
June 2008
novembre
Feb. 2008
octobre
Dec. 2007
septembre
before Dec.
2007
août
-
juin
188
juillet
•
•
•
•
•
Social challenge
80 000
70 000
60 000
(x 1000)
50 000
Cultivated area (ha)
40 000
Human population
Total TLU
30 000
20 000
10 000
09
20
06
20
03
20
00
20
97
19
94
19
91
19
88
19
85
19
82
19
79
19
76
19
73
19
70
19
67
19
64
19
19
61
0
Years
•
Rapid growth: human and livestock population (high demography : 2.5%/year)
•
Strong tension on land and resources with land tenure risks (cultivated land growing:
mobility constrained, conflicts; decentralisation policies not really applied)
•
Sanitary risks increased when the State withdrew (animal diseases control and
vaccination declined ; important production losses: infectious diseases, parasites)
•
Young people increasingly moving toward wage-labor
Political challenge
 progressive recognition of
the role and function of
Livestock
 need to harmonize legal
texts at the regional level
 no shared vision
 disparities of legal texts,
pastoral
codes
and
regulation modes
 difficulties in implementing
legal texts
Interrelation poverty and economic
vulnerability (1)
Survival threshold
‘1994-2000’
41,300 fcfa
‘2000-2008’
53,500 fcfa
‘2008-2010’
95,000 fcfa
Interrelation poverty and economic
vulnerability
Socioeconomic categories
Galo
Jarga
Wealthy
Petit jarga
•f t h y q a e s g q g y ……
Selfsufficients
Social reproduction
threshold
Secured
Precarious
Survival tresholdv f ff p
v …….p
Poorest
Miskino
Basdo
Weak
Average
Strong
Level of Economics
vulnérability
Framework after A. Sen and J. Swift
Vulnerability model around two categories of indicators:
• Biophysical indicators (endowments) : resources and assets available
• Socio-Economic Indicators (entitlements) : Ability to mobilize and access
Endowments
Entitlements
Stock / Flows
Resource availability
•Vegetation
•Watter
•Terre
•Infrastructure developpment
•Herd
•Labor
•Savings
•Facilities
•Attics
Recours
•Credit
•Loans
•Mutual
•Access to decision-marking
•Capturing external resources
Strategies
•Access
•Rights & land uses
•Basic services
•Local activities
•Mobility
•Diet
•Recruitment
•Marketing
•Resource Sharing
Main strategies to deal with change
•
Mobility is a main adaptation strategy:

Pastoralists less exposed to external shocks than export agricultural
sector (HLPE 2011)
•
Pastoralists have a « deliberately cautious» approach to the
market
•
Agreements for access to natural resources: reciprocity
among herders
Categories
Wealthy farmers
Small holders
Poorest
Differentiated strategies
Specialisation in livestock production and marketing
Diversification of activities: crop, small trade
Social network and support: share manpower and livestock
Vulnerability Indicators
Multiscale
Level of analysis
National or
Agroecological
zone
Rural
community
Village or
Pastoral Unit
Access to water
Water availability in
time and space
Indicators of
vulnerability to
climatic risks
Vegetation and
Animal biodiversity
Natural biomass
availability
Water
Infrastructures
Payment for
water Forage
stocks
(Not specific)
Mobility ratio
Food Stocks
National or
Agroecological
zone
Rural
community
Village or
Pastoral Unit
Sales structure
modification
Terms of trade
Low food
diversity
(Not specific)
Indicators of
vulnerability to
economical risks
Available financial
services: insurance,
credit, grants
Revenu structure
Participatory
Herd size and
cultivated area /
size family
Livestock feeding
practices
Available labor
Pest distribution
Level of analysis
Type of mobility
Livestock and
food sales
Cropping areas
related to population
Multistakeholders
Family or Farm
Market distance
(Not specific)
Market
dynamics and
access
Access to
information on
markets
Unusual
mobility
Diversity of
income
Family or Farm
Diversity of
products
High value
products
Decreased
number of daily
meal
Use of high
quality inputs
Integration in
value chain
Self consumption
level
Diversity of
income
Options to enhance adaptation strategies
• Integrated policies: Capacitiy to access to resources and services at
different scales
• Land tenure options to secure mobility
• Other policy options:
Need of multi-level governance
• Technical options:
• increase agroecological intensification for FS and sustainable
development
• system innovation to promote sustainable CLPS at territorial level
• financial innovations (micro credit, micro insurance),
• mobile educational system,
• information tools to enhance anticipation and reduction of
asymmetric informations by consolidation and development of early
warning and information system
Research perspectives
… towards more impact analysis/assessment
- Land policies/Public policies
- prospective, participative, and operational approach
- ex-ante assessment: 1 PhD CIRAD-PPZS
- close collaboration with ISRA-BAME
- Change and Innovation
-
Vulnerability and resilience
Crop-Livestock: Innovation platforms and Value Chain
Social change
ex-ante assessment in close collaboration with ISRA-BAME: 2 PhD
- Markets
- poverty/vulnerability reduction through more income, more
guarantees (microcredit and micro-insurance)
- more equitable distribution of costs and benefits
- exploration of new markets: improving value add on livestock
products, milk markets, Carbone finance …
… towards integration of heterogeneous knowledge including
local views
Multiscale
Multistakeholders
Participatory