VOCAB DEVELOPMENT
Bios- life
Cardium- heart
Dorsum- back
Homeo- unchanging
-logy- study of
Median- situated in
the middle
Paries-wall
Pathos- disease
Peri- around
Pronus- inclined
forward
Stupinus- lying on the
back
Venter- belly or
abdomen
COMMON FUNCTIONS OF ALL LIVING THINGS…
1. responsiveness
1.irritability- organisms respond to environmental changes immediately
2.adaptability- long term adjustments
2. growth
3. reproduction
4. movement
1.internal
2.external
5. metabolism
1.provides energy required for the four things listed above
2.refers to all of the chemical operations under way in the body
ANATOMY
•
•
Anatomy- study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships
between body parts
divided into:
• gross anatomy
• microscopic anatomy
GROSS ANATOMY (MACROSCOPIC)
•
- visible with the unaided eye
• surface anatomy- study of general form & superficial markings
• regional anatomy- all of the superficial & internal features in a specific region
of the body (head, neck, torso)
• systemic anatomy- structure of major organ systems
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
•
•
cannot be seen without magnification
specialties
• cytology- analyzes the internal structure of individual cells
• histology- examination of tissues
• tissues- groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific
function
• organs- tissues combined to perform specific function(s)
PHYSIOLOGY
•
physiology- study of the function of anatomical structures
• human physiology
• cell physiology- study of the functions of living cells
• special physiology- physiology of specific organs
• systemic physiology- physiology of all aspects of the function of specific organ
systems
• pathological physiology (pathology)- study of the effect of diseases on organ or
system functions
All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• 6 levels of organization within the human body
• Chemical
• Atoms- smallest stable unit of matter
• Atoms combine to form molecules
• Cellular
• Different molecules can interact to form a larger structures
• Tissue
• Similar cells working together to perform a specific function
• Organ
• Two or more tissues working together to perform specific
functions
• Organ system
• Organs interact
• Organism
• All of the organ systems of the body work together
ORGAN SYSTEMS
•
The human body consists of 11 organ systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphoid
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Cutaneous membrane
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hair follicles
• Hairs
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands
• Nails
• Sensory receptors
• Subcutaneous layer
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Bones, cartilages and joints
• Axial skeleton
• Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, cartilages, & ligaments
• Appendicular skeleton
• Limbs & supporting bones & ligaments
• Bone marrow
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Skeletal muscles (700)
• Axial muscles
• Appendicular muscles
• Tendons
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central nervous system
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Pineal gland
• Adrenal glands
• Pituitary gland
• Kidneys
• Thyroid gland
• Pancreas
• Parathyroid gland
• Gonads
• Testes
• Ovaries
• Thymus
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Blood
LYMPHOID SYSTEM
• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Thymus
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• alveoli
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophogus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
URINARY SYSTEM
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Testes
• Accessory organs
• Epididymis
• Ductus deferens
• Seminal glands
• Prostate gland
• Urethra
• External genitalia
• Penis
• Scrotum
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Ovaries
• Uterine tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• External genitalia
• Clitoris
• Labia
• Mammary glands
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance.
• All cells in the body are in contact with blood or some other body
fluid, and any change in the composition of the fluid will affect
them.
• Homeostatic regulation- the adjustments in physiological
systems that preserve homeostasis
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
• Homeostatic regulation usually involves;
• A receptor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change
(stimulus)
• A control center (integration center) that receives and processes
information from the receptor
• An effector that responds to the commands of the control center
• Its activity opposes or reinforces that stimulus
• When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to
malfunction
NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• Negative feedback opposes variation to normal
• Positive feedback exaggerates variation to normal
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor a
variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response
that corrects the situation
• Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve negative
feedback
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that
stimulus
• Positive feedback loops are involved in the regulation of a
potentially dangerous or stressful process that has to be
completed quickly
• Ex: hypothermia
• Ex: severe cut
ANATOMICAL TERMS
• Anatomical terms describe:
• Body regions
• Anatomical positions & directions
• Body sections
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
• Anatomical position- hands at the sides with palms facing
forward & feet together
• Supine- lying down face up in anatomical position
• Prone- lying down face down in anatomical position
ANATOMICAL REGIONS
• 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
• Right upper (RUQ)
• Right lower (RLQ)
• Left upper (LUQ)
• Left lower (LLQ)
• ***these are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at
the belly button
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
• 9 abdominopelvic regions
• Right hypochondriac
• Epigastric (liver, stomach)
• Left hypochondriac (spleen)
• Right lumbar
• Umbilical (large intestine, small intestine, gall bladder)
• Left lumbar
• Hypogastric (urinary bladder, appendix)
• Right inguinal
• Left inguinal
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Anterior- front; before
• Ventral- belly side
• Posterior- back; behind
• Dorsal- back
• Cranial or cephalic- head
• Superior- above; at a higher level
• Caudal- tail
• Inferior- below; at a lower level
DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONT…
• Medial- toward the body’s longitudinal axis
• Lateral- away from the body’s longitudinal axis
• Proximal- toward an attached base
• Distal- away from an attached base
• Superficial- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
• Deep- farther from the body surface
SECTION PLANES: TRANSVERSE PLANE
• Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body
• Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
SECTIONAL PLANES: FRONTAL PLANE
• Aka coronal plane
• Runs along the long axis of the body
• Extends laterally
• Divides body into anterior and posterior positions
SAGITTAL PLANE
• Runs along the long axis of the body
• Extends anteriorly and posteriorly
• Divides the body into left and right portions
BODY CAVITIES
• Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change
shape.
• 2 essential functions
• 1. protect delicate organs from accidental shocks and cushion
them from the jolting that occurs when we walk, jump, or run
• 2. permit significant changes in size and shape of internal
organs
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
• Contains the organs of the following systems;
• Respiratory
• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
• Subdivided into:
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic