Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Which of the following kingdoms is characterized
by autotrophic multicellular organisms?
A. Animalia
B. Fungi
C. Plantae
D. Eubacteria
2. Which statement correctly describes a virus?
A. Viruses are living organisms made up of proteins
and DNA
B. Viruses are non-living, non-cellular particles
made up of genetic material and a protein coat
called a capsid
C. Viruses are cellular particles made up of RNA,
lysosomes, and proteins
D. Viruses are non-living particles that reproduce by
combining with other virus particles
Agenda
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Warm-Up
Notes
Plant Evolution Worksheets
Whiteboards
Mini-posters
Clean-Up
Cool-Down
Plant Evolution-Day 1
• Plants can be divided into two large groups:
Nonvascular plants
• Nonvascular: have no vessels, no roots, no
stems or leaves. Examples: Mosses &
Liverworts
Nonvascular plants
• Transport materials using
diffusion and osmosis.
• Many of these plants
produce a sperm that
must swim to an egg to
fertilize it.
• These guys live close to
the ground in moist
shady environments.
Vascular plants
• Vascular: have vessels to
transport food and
water. They have roots,
stems and leaves.
Example: Grass, corn,
trees, flowers, bushes
Vascular plants
• Vascular tissues are an internal system of
interconnected tubes and vessels
• Vascular plants can be: Gymnosperms or
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
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"naked seeds"
cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones)
needle like leaves
usually stay green year round
wind pollinated
Examples: pine trees
& evergreens
Angiosperms
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flowering plants
seeds are inside a fruit
most are pollinated by birds & bees
have growing seasons that end (plants lose
leaves)
• Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions
• Divided into two main groups: Monocots &
Dicots
• Vascular plants have three kinds of tissue:
1.Dermal tissue
2.Ground tissue
3.Vascular tissue
• Vascular tissue contains a system of
interconnected tubes and vessels that carry
materials throughout the plant. There are two
types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem.
Xylem carries water and phloem carries
nutrients.
• Ground tissue is specialized for photosynthesis
in leaves and for storage and support in stems
and roots.
• There are two types of leavessimple leaves
and compound leaves.
• Dermal tissue covers a plant and serves to
protect the plant and help with gas exchange.
• Another important structure in some plants is
bark, which contains phloem and cork cells.
Angiosperm vs. Gymnosperm
• Compare & contrast Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms.
• Include the following information for each:
– Definition
– How seeds are dispersed?
– What type of pollination?
– Leaves or no leaves? What type?
– 3 examples
– 1 picture
Use pages 512-515 in textbook for information.
Cool-Down
1.
Name two differences between
nonvascular and vascular plants.
2.
Name two differences between
gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. In the Linnaean system of nomenclature, crickets and
grasshoppers belong to the same order and therefore
belong to the same…
A. Family
B. Class
C. Genus
D. Species
2. A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships is
called a…
A. Classification tree
B. Cladogram
C. Dichotomous Key
D. Kingdom Chart
Agenda
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Warm-Up
Plant Vocabulary Matching
Notes
Plant Foldable
Leaf Anatomy Worksheet
Clean-Up
Cool-Down
Plant Adaptations-Day 2
Guided Notes
• Early land plants faced many challenges
including the following:
1. Conserving water-two things help this
happen. The cuticle, a waxy, watertight
covering that prevents water loss and the
stomata-holes which allow oxygen and
carbon dioxide exchange. These holes can be
opened or closed by guard cells, which lie on
either side of the stomata.
• GUARD CELL-GUARD
CELL (closed)
• GUARD CELL-STOMAGUARD CELL (open)
2. Absorbing minerals from the rocky earthhelped by roots
3. Reproducing on
land-sperm is
contained in pollenwhich can be carried
by the wind or
animals
• The ancestor’s of present plants were
probably green algae (protist).
• As plants appeared on land, they
developed some adaptations (changes
made to survive in their environment).
You learned before that vascular plants
have an internal system of connected
tubes and vessels and nonvascular plants
do not.
• 1. First Adaptation: Vascular system-vascular
tissues allow the materials of the plant to be
distributed.
• The vascular system is made up of two
types of tissue: xylem and phloem. Xylem
carries water up from the roots and
Phloem carries nutrients down from the
leaves after making food in photosynthesis
and up from roots. They run in long tube
cells which line up like sections of pipe.
2. The second adaptation is the development of
the seed. A seed is a structure that contains
the embryo of the plant. The embryo is the
early stage of development in a plant.
• Seeds provide 4 advantages:
1. Protection
2. Nourishment (food)
3. Plant dispersal (spreading of offspring)
4. Delayed growth until conditions are good
• The third adaptation is the flower, which is
a reproductive structure that produces
pollen and seeds. Most plants today are
flowering plants, which make plant
reproduction more efficient.
• Flowers are produced by angiosperms and
help transfer gametes (reproductive cells) by
attracting birds, insects, or other animals,
which then carry the pollen from flower to
flower.
• Flowers also participate in something
called coevolution. In coevolution, backand-forth evolutionary adjustments
between interacting members of a
community occur over time.
• An important example of coevolution is
between flowering plants and their
pollinators. Natural selection has often led
to a close match between the characteristics
of flowers and its pollinators.
• Adaptations appear in the flowering plants
that promote efficient dispersal of their
pollen by insects and other animals and
adaptations appear in pollinators that help
them get food or other resources from the
plants they pollinate.
• The three major parts of a plant are:
• 1. Roots-absorb water and dissolved
nutrients
• There are two types of roots:
a. tap root
b. fibrous roots
Tap roots appear as one large
root. Fibrous roots branch so
that no single root grows larger
than the rest. All roots also
have structures called root
hairs, tiny projections which
increase the surface area for
water and nutrient absorption.
2. Stem-support system for
the plant body, transport
system that carries
nutrients between the root
and the leaves, and a
defense system that
protects the plants against
predators and disease.
3. Leaves–structure is made for absorbing light
and carrying out photosynthesis
Plant Foldables
• Using the instructions on the back of Leaf
Anatomy, make a plant foldable for stems, tap
roots, fibrous roots, and leaves.
• Use CH 25 in the text for more info.
• Make sure all the supplies are neatly stacked
before you leave today!
Cool-Down
1. Name two examples of adaptations of
plants and their functions.
2. What is coevolution? This occurs between
the flower and their…?
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. An example of coevolution is back and forth
evolutionary adjustments between a flower and a
___?
A. predator
B. seed
C. pollinator
D. plant
2. An adaptation of early land plants included _______,
which are opened and closed by guard cells to allow
for gas exchange.
A. bundle sheath
B. petiole
C. cuticle
D. stomata
Agenda
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Warm-Up
Notes
Plant Reproduction Worksheet
Flower Paragraph
World of Plants Video
Clean-Up
Cool-Down
Plant reproduction-Day 3
Guided Notes
• There are slightly different life cycles for the
different types of plantsseedless plants,
seed plants, vascular, nonvascular, plants with
cones, and plants with flowersHowever,
they have the same basic plan with a haploid
stage and a diploid stage.
• The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called
the sporophyte.
• Sporophyte- the diploid formThis is usually
the plant you actually see.
• The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called
the gametophyte.
• Gametophyte- produces gametesA plant
needs to gametes to create the diploid form
• In the cycle above, the diploid sporophyte (2n)
goes through meiosis, so the chromosome
number is cut in half to form spores (n).
• The spores then undergo mitosis, producing
cells that are exact copies to build a
multicellular gametophyte that is still haploid
(n). The gametophytes, which can be either
male or female, produce gametes that are also
haploid (n).
• These gametes-pollen or sperm from the
male-and eggs from the female-combine in
fertilization to form a zygote (2n) that grow
into a sporophyte.
• In seed plants, female gametophytes produce
eggs (just like human females). A male
gametophyte on the other hand, develops into
a pollen grain.
Sexual Reproduction
• Pollination occurs when the male part (pollen)
arrives at the stigma-the top of the female
part (pistil). The combining of the male partpollen and the female part-egg cell creates a
fertilized egg (zygote). This zygote will grow
into a fruit that protects the developing seeds.
Pollination
• Self pollination
–pollen falls from
the anthers to
the stigma of
the same plant
• Cross pollination
–transfer of
pollen to
another plant of
the same
species.
Seeds and Fruits
• Ovule develops into a
seed.
• The ovary develops
into a fruit.
• The egg must be
fertilized in order for
the fruit to develop.
• Parts of the flower:
• Pistil-entire female part Made of: stigma and
style and ovary
• Stigma-tip of female part
• Style- tube holding the stigma above the ovary
• Ovule-egg cell (combines with pollen to form
the zygote)
• Ovary- where fertilization occurs
• Stamen-entire male part Made of: anther
and filament
• Anther-produces pollen, Filament-stalk that
holds anther
• Pollen-plant sperm
• Petal-colorful-attract bees and birds to
pollinate
• Sepal-surrounds the petals-protects them
• Group of petals = corolla, group of sepals =
calyx
TURN IN
Flower Paragraph
WHEN
1. On side 1 of your paperDONE!
Write at least 7 sentences about how pollination
occurs in plants. Include important flower parts and
their function, and explain how the male and female
parts (and what they are) combine to make a new
plant. Use your notes-but DO NOT COPY. It must be in
your own words. Copying straight from your notes will
result in a 0%. Explain and summarize-do not copy.
2. On side 2 of your paperDraw and label the important parts of the flower: pg 538
3. Finish your plant foldable from yesterday if you
haven’t already when you are done.
Cool-Down
1. Name the female and male parts of a flower.
2. Contrast self pollination and cross
pollination.
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Which best describes the sporophyte stage of a plant
life cycle?
A. diploid form, makes spores
B. diploid form, makes gametes
C. haploid form, makes spores
D. haploid form, makes gametes
2. The disappearance of bees across the United States
has had a negative impact on the business of …?
A. cattle ranchers
B. fruit growers
C. pine tree farmers
D. hatchery managers
Agenda
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Warm-Up
Notes
Tropism Diagrams
Classification Crossword
Plants Video
Clean-Up
Cool-Down
Plant Hormones and TropismsDay 4
Guided Notes
• The response of plants to periods of light and
dark is called photoperiodism.
• A tropism is a response in which a plant
grows either toward or away from a stimulus.
• Tropisms demonstrate the ability of plants to
respond effectively to external stimuli like
gravity, light, and touch.
• Phototropism is when a plant usually grows
toward a source of light.
• Gravitropism is the response of a plant to the
force of gravity. Gravitropism causes roots to
grow downward.
• A hormone is a substance that is produced in
one part of an organism and affects another
part of the same individual.
• Plant hormones are chemical substances that
control a plant’s pattern of growth and
development, and the plant’s responses to
environmental conditions.
• Examples of plant hormones include:
1. Ethylene-causes fruit to ripen.
2. Gibberellins-produce dramatic increases in
size, particularly in stems and fruit.
3. Cytokinins-produced in growing roots and in
developing fruits and seeds. Cytokinins
cause cell division, the growth of buds, and
dormant seeds to sprout.
4. Auxins-cause cell elongation ( make cells
longer)
Tropism Diagrams
• Copy these diagrams into your Guided Notes.
– When finished, start on the crossword puzzle.
Negative Gravitropism
Positive
Gravitropism
Positive
Phototropism
• Complete the Classification Crossword Puzzle
on the back side of notes.
Gymnosperm autotroph
roots
nonvascular
angiosperm
heterotroph
flagella
bacteria
vascular sporophyte
green algae
gametophyte antibiotic
virus
Seed
stigma
cilia flower
leaves
protista stamen stem
pistil
pseudopods
Cool-Down
1. Explain gravitropism. How does it affect the
growth of a plant?
2. How do harvesters pick fruit that is not yet
ripe but is ripe when it hits the shelves of a
grocery store?
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Which of the following does DNA contain, but
not RNA?
A. Guanine
B. Uracil
C. Phosphate group
D. Thymine
2. What is the result of transcription?
A. Proteins
B. RNA
C. Ribosomes
D. DNA
Agenda
• Warm-Up
• Planet Earth- Seasonal Forests
– (or defining vocab)
• Plant Booklet
• Clean-Up
• Cool-Down