What do you
already know?
STATIONS 1-10
1. What forces are involved in making
a hot air balloon move?
1. Up and Down Forces
 Lift
pushes the balloon up
against the downward force of
gravity.
 Lift
is due to the density inside
the balloon being lower than
The density outside of the
balloon (Called Buoyant Force).
1. Side to Side Forces
A
turbine or the wind pushes the balloon
forward (sideways) against the backward
force of air resistance (air friction, or drag)
2. What happens when the forces acting on
a hot air balloon are balanced? What
happens when they are unbalanced?
2. Balanced forces
 When
forces are balanced, an object has
constant speed.
 It
can be a constant speed
of zero (not moving).
2. Unbalanced Forces
 When
the forces on an
object are unbalanced,
the object speeds up or
slows down.
3. What was the role of gravity in the
formation of our solar system?
 Matter
was pulled to the center of the solar
system in a swirling motion. The sun ignited
from the friction of the matter in the center.
The denser particles around the sun formed
the rocky planets. The lighter particles
formed the gas giant planets farther out.
 Spinning
Cloud
3. What factors affect the force of
gravity?
3. What factors affect the force of
gravity?
 The
amount of mass: The more massive the
object, the stronger the force of gravity.
 The
distance between objects: The farther
apart two objects are, the less the force of
gravity.
3. How does gravity affect mass and
weight?
 The
more mass an object has, the greater the
force of gravity on the object.
 Weight
is a measurement of
how gravity pulls on an
object with mass.
4. How are physical traits inherited
from one generation to the next?
The instructions for building proteins, which are
the building blocks of cells, are controlled by
genes.
Genes express physical traits like eye color,
and height.
There are thousands of genes in our DNA.
Genes
4. How are genes selected?

Asexual reproduction makes a complete copy
of the parent’s DNA. So every child is a clone
of the parent. The only variation in genes
comes from mutation.

Sexual reproduction has two parents. Each
parent offers one piece of a gene (an allele).
The combination of all the pieces forms a
complete set of genes for the child. Children
have different combinations of genes than the
parents.
4. Dominant or Recessive Genes

Some alleles are stronger than others. These are
called dominant. Two dominant alleles express a
dominant trait (homozygous dominant express brown
eyes)

Alleles that are weaker can hide behind dominant
traits. If you have one dominant and one recessive
trait, the dominant trait is expressed (heterozygous still
express brown eyes)

If you have two recessive alleles, than the recessive
trait will be expressed (homozygous recessive will
show blue eyes)
5. What factors affect the survival and
change (evolution) of a species over
time?

Organisms compete for Limited Resources like food and
water.

Organisms with the best adaptations will survive and make
babies (pass on their genes). If you can’t get food, you die,
and so do your genes.

The environment is always changing. Organisms need to
adjust to the changing environment.

Sexual Reproduction means having a better chance to pass
on adapting genes because they are always mixed up.
5. What factors affect the survival and
change (evolution) of a species over
time?

Giraffe
6. What factors have caused Earth to
evolve over geologic times?

Plates
6. What factors have caused Earth to
evolve over geologic times?

Heat that is generated in Earth’s core radiates outward and
liquefies the mantle.

The mantle transfers energy through convection—hot liquid is less
dense and floats up, cools off and becomes more dense then sinks
to the bottom again.

The flowing liquid moves the lithosphere (the Earth’s plates). As the
Earth’s plates move, the continents shift into new places.

Over millions of years the continents and oceans have moved and
changed shape many times.
7. What are some similarities and
differences between elements,
compounds, and mixtures?

Elements are made of only one type of atom. They cannot be
broken down into different substances. There are about 118.

Compounds are different types of atoms that have been
chemically combined together. There are millions of different
compounds.

Mixtures are made of elements and compounds that have not
been chemically combined together. There are millions of mixtures.
7. What are some similarities and
differences between elements,
compounds, and mixtures?
Both elements and compounds are pure substances—you cannot
separate them without complicated chemical processes.
Mixtures can be separated, because
they are not chemically combined,
but sometimes it is very difficult to do so.
Pure Substances vs Mixtures
8. What characteristics are used to
classify stars?
Stars are classified by
 1.
Size
 2.
Temperature (Color)
 3.
Absolute Magnitude
(Actual Brightness)
 4.
Chemical
Composition
9. What characteristics are used to
classify organisms?
Organisms are classified together based on similar
charateristics.
 There are 3 Domains of organisms:
 1. Archaebacteria—prokaryotic (no nucleus)extremophiles
(live in extreme environments)
 2. Eubacteria—prokaryotic (no nucleus) not extremophiles
(live in normal places)
 3. Eukaryotes—eukaryotic (with a nucleus) four kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
9. What characteristics are used to
classify organisms?
9. What characteristics are used to
classify organisms?
Kingdoms are classified by 3 things. Cell type, number of
cells, how organisms eat.
 1.
Protista: Eukaryotic, one to many cells, make or eat
food.
 2.
Fungi: Eukaryotic, one to many cells, absorb food
 3.
Plantae: Eukaryotic, many-celled, make food
 4.
Animalia: Eukaryotic, many-celled, eats food
9. What characteristics are used to
classify organisms?
10. How should a scientist confirm that an
experiment has good (valid and reliable)
data?
Every experiment should have:
 Repetition—multiple
scientist
trials by the same
 Replication—experiment
should be
repeated by other scientists to verify results.