PIA 2528
Week Six
Paper Requirement- Reminder

Individual research paper (15 pages) and Panel
Presentation - 30% of Grade;

Based Upon your individual Work Plan;

All materials referenced should be cited in
either the correct APA or University of Chicago
style.
Incorrect citations will cause your
submissions to be down-graded.
Historical Patterns
Land, Rural Development and
Human Resource Development
Catch Up Discussion

Huntington, Clash of Civilizations


Allen, “Dark Continent


Laura Meixell
Sarah Tylka
Isabel Allenda- “Clarissa”

Anh Ninh
Catch Up Discussion, Two


Manning, Francophone Africa

Sara Tylka

Ida Bormentor
Graham Greene, The Lawless Roads

Anh Ninh
Governance and Sovereignty
"[T]ransformation (and
globalization) has led to a
reinvention of government and
what it does"
- Anonymous
Historical Patterns of
Governance

Paternalism-

Monarchy, Theocracy and
Authoritarianism

Authority Linked to the Control of Land
(and Water)- Feudalism
Three Sub-Themes

Governance:
 Land
and Water Use
 Rural
Change
 Human
Skills Development
The Evolution of the Rural
Community
1. Hunter-gatherers: Age-grade societies
2. Settled Subsistence Agriculturalists
The Evolution of the Rural
Community-2
3. Cattle Keeping
4. Plantations, Commercial Farms and
Agri-Business
5. So-Called Communal Tenure
Traditional: Communal
The term is misleading- there are an
infinite number of land relationshipsNote Three
1. Use same land for individual benefit (cattle
rearing)
Communal Land
2. People use same land and pool proceeds-
aspiration in socialist countries.
(Communalism):
Little evidence in
traditional society
COLLECTIVE FARMS
AND FARM
FACTORIES
Communal Land
3. Individual use of land for individual
gain
a. without legal tenure
b. no sale or disposal of
land
c. no collateral
The Problem of Landlordism



Tenancy relationship to large
hacienda, plantation or commercial
agricultural enterprise
In much of the world, Land is
traditional controlled by land-lords
Vast majority of rural peasants in
some form of tenancy relationships
Landlordism
Serfdom: legal linkage to land and
ownership
 Small scale subsistence
agriculturalist- produce for food
 Reality: Peasants- dependency
relationship to land

Rural Socialism as an ideology
in the 1960s
1. Peasant collectives and Communal state
farms- Soviet Union
2. Voluntary collectives- Ujamaa villages in
Tanzania
3. Move the peasant away from individualized
production (China)
4. Ideal: village level economies of scale
5. Reality: Collectives, prefectoralism and
state enterprises (State Agri-Collectives
Modernization- Western (and to
some Colonial) Land Divisions
a. Usufruct: Individual ownership and
control of land with rights of transfer,
inheritance and sale
b. Landed elites- landed aristocracy
c. MNCs as plantation farmersFirestone, Dole and Unilever
Individual Land Tenure: Results



Landless Rural Workers- Sell their labor in
cities, to plantations, to small farmers or as
a labor export (regionally or internationally)
The realities and limits of collective
finance: From Burial Societies to microcredit schemes
How to define individual relationship to
land: FAILURE OF LAND TENURE
REFORM
Rural Development and civil
society
Induced Rural TransformationApproaches
1. Radical Transformationurbanization
a. Primacy of
Industrialization
b. Emphasis on
infrastructure and
mechanization of farming
Rural Development
2. Green Revolution: Variant of above.
Capital intensive and export oriented.
(Landlordism?)
a. Focus is primarily on
Technical (seeds, equipmentfocus is on extension and
technical)
b. Economies of scale mean large farms
Rural Development

3. Small holder approach- Primacy is
on rural sector
INTEGRATED RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Rural Development and
Governance
1. Primacy of social development, health,
education, community development
2. Small holder peasant sector
3. Stresses the importance of individual land
tenure and producer cooperatives in
marketing
4. Links with local government structures:
Village Development Committees
5. Role for Civil Society Groups
Problem: The
Capitalist/Commercial Farming
Lack of an Alternative and Failure of
Collective Agriculture

Failure of and agricultural transformation
except for parts of Southeast Asia (plus war
and weather)

Lead to the decline of the state and the
intervention of NGOs - Relief and
Humanitarian activities
Coffee Break

Fifteen Minutes
Discussion: Land Use, Water and
Non-Renewable Resources


Ostrom, Crafting Institutions

Sarah Tylka

Ali Ashraf
Picard, Various

Chunrong Chen

Anh Ninh

Stefanie Schell
Discussion: Land Use, Water and
Non-Renewable Resources, Two


Mawhood,

Laura Meixell

Verona Benjamin
Wunsch and Olowu and Cheema and Rondinelli

Ida Bormentar

Lindsay Wood

Verona Benjamin
The Problem

Planning for Local Government and
Rural Development
Human Resource
Development
L. Picard- Botswana Study
Table 1: Education and Training Needs of Unified Local Government
Service – Summary by Position Classification of Those in Post,
February, 1981
‘A’ Posts
Position
‘B’ Posts
Not
Not
Qualified Qualified Vacant
Qualified
High
Low
February
Training Training
‘81
Priority Priority
Vacant
Sept. ‘80
Not
Not
Vacant Vacant*
Qualified Qualified
Qualified
(Surplus)
Sept.
High
Low
Feb. ‘81
‘80
Priority Priority
LGA
Positions
18
137
52
60
55
282
739
127
45
125
PR
Positions
--
--
--
23
15
--
--
--
--
--
LT
Positions
33
108
66
66
83
253
135
21
74
81
LN
Positions
123
4
41
41
28
77
58
12
12
26
LS
Positions
--
--
--
--
--
87
25
1
(16)
12
Total
174
249
95
190
181
699
957
161
115
244
* Vacancies include expatriates in position
Table 2: Sample Table of Cadre Manpower and Training Positions*
Year
Establishment
%
Growth
New
Posts
Existing
Vacancies
Resignations/
Employees Vacancies
to be
Retirements
Dismissals
to be
(%)
filled by
(%)
Trained
Training
Total to
be
Trained
Year
1978
1978
1979
1979
1980
1980
1981
1981
1982
1982
1983
1983
1984
1984
1985
1985
1986
1986
1987
1987
1988
1988
1989
1989
1990
1990
1991
1991
1992
1992
Total
* Footnotes to be provided for explanation of assumptions
Table 3: Summary of Manpower and Training Needs, 1982 – 1992,
by ‘A’ and ‘B’ Posts
Total 1990
Establishment
New
Posts
Resignations/
Dismissals
Retirements
Existing
Employees
to be Trained
Vacancies to
be Filled
by Training
Total Number
to be
Trained
All ‘A’
Positions
1338
571
221
170
344
248
1554
All ‘B’
Positions
3669
1571
827
203
1118
368
4095
Total
5007
2150
1048
373
1462
616
5649
Table 4a: Proposed Training Programme:Treasury/Revenue Cadre
Grade
Classification of
Officer
LGA 6
LGA 5
LGA 4
Entry/Promotion Requirements
Proposed Schedule of Training
Introduction Course
(three weeks)
Basic Accounts Course
(four weeks)
Cambridge School Certificate* or
Intermediate Accounts Course
Promotion
(four weeks)
 Prerequisite for promotion:
Supervision and Junior
Successful completion of Basic
Management Course for Finance
Accounts Course
Officers (or Revenue Officers
(four weeks)
Advanced Accounts Course
(four weeks)
Prerequisite: Success completion Certificate in Finance
of Basic, Intermediate and Advanced
Management or Part I of Diploma
Stores Course
in Finance**
(16 weeks)
Diploma or equivalent in Finance
Junior Certificate
Table 4b: Proposed Training Programme:Treasury/Revenue Cadre, cont.
LGA 3
LGA 2
LGA 1****
BA Accountancy or Commerce or
Promotion after completion of
Certificate in Finance or equivalent
and Diploma in Finance
Prerequisite: Intermediate Stage
of recognized Accountancy
Examination or Degree plus
Advanced Certificate in Finance
Induction Course (three weeks)
Advanced Certificate in Finance
Management for Graduates
Program of Study in Accountancy
to Intermediate Level***
Certificate in Management and
Administration (local
government) (nine weeks)
Prerequisite: as in LGA 2 plus
Certificate in Management and
Administration (local government)
*Direct entry at the LGA 5 level would also go through the three-week induction course
**Prerequisite for entry: Successful completion of Advanced Accounts Course
***Intermediate Stages of the following internationally recognized programmes are suggested:
Chartered Institute of Secretaries
Institute of Cost and Management Accountants
Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy
Chartered Public Accountancy
Chartered Accountancy
****Each cadre should receive a one week in-service course within the district each year
Table 5: Sample of a Cadre Training Scheme
Course 1 – 4
Induction
Year
“B’s”
to be
Trained
Replacements
for promotions
to “A” cadre
Total
Regular
Acceler
-ated
Regular
Repeat
Certificate
Accelerated
Regular
Repeat
Accelerated
Total
“A’s”
Diploma
to be
trained
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Total
Total
Table 6: Summary, Student/Week to be Trained
Summary of Student Weeks to be Trained for all Institutions, 1982 – 1986
IDM
B.A.C.
National
Health
Institute
1982
263
240
7846
760
110
6092
2998
18309
1983
4291
1400
13246
1680
1632
10549
6407
39205
1984
5288
2188
17211
1760
1616
11467
9064
48594
1985
5663
2660
18729
1680
2168
12488
10589
53977
1986
6018
3208
20864
1920
2128
10753
10321
55212
Institution
Roads
Training
Centre
Botswana
Police
College
Polytechnic
B.I.A.C.
Total
Year
Discussion: Cumulative Issues
land use, water, basic Needs
 NGOs, grassroots institutions and civil
society in Africa, Latin America,
Eastern Europe, Asia and the Middle
East.
 Implications on Local Government,
Civil Society and Governance
 Human Resource Skills and Rural
Change
 Democracy

End of Session Discussion

Group Discussion: Four Minute
Presentation on Governance in each
Region
Africa
 South Asia/Southeast Asia
 Latin America/Caribbean
 South Asia

Regional Patterns: Governance
(Readings)

Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes

Identify the (reading) source for your
presentation
Regional Patterns: The
Institutional Legacy (Readings)

Southeast (and South) Asia

Lindsay Martin Wood

Chunrong Chen
Regional Patterns: The
Institutional Legacy (Readings)

South Asia

Ali Ashraf

Laura Meixell

Stephanie Schell
Regional Patterns: The
Institutional Legacy (Readings)

Central America and the Caribbean

Verona Benjamin

Anh Ninh
Regional Patterns: The
Institutional Legacy (Readings)

Africa

Ida Bomentar

Sarah Tylka
Summary Discussion

What if anything have we learned about
Governance, Local Government and
Civil Society So Far?