1.1
What Is Chemistry?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Chemistry is the study of the composition of
matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
1.1
What Is Chemistry?
Because living and nonliving things are
made of matter, chemistry affects all
aspects of life and most natural events.
1.1
Areas of Study
Areas of Study
What are five traditional areas of study
in chemistry?
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Areas of Study
Five traditional areas of study are
• organic chemistry
• inorganic chemistry
• biochemistry
• analytical chemistry
• physical chemistry
1.1
Areas of Study
Organic chemistry is
defined as the study of
all chemicals containing
carbon.
1.1
Areas of Study
Inorganic chemistry is
the study of chemicals
that, in general, do not
contain carbon.
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Areas of Study
The study of processes that
take place in organisms is
biochemistry.
1.1
Analytical chemistry
is the area of study
that focuses on the
composition of matter.
Areas of Study
1.1
Areas of Study
Physical chemistry is
the area that deals with
the mechanism, the
rate, and the energy
transfer that occurs
when matter undergoes
a change.
1.1
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry
How are pure and applied chemistry
related?
1.1
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical
knowledge for its own sake.
Applied chemistry is research that is directed
toward a practical goal or application.
1.1
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure research can lead directly to an
application, but an application can exist
before research is done to explain how
it works.
1.1
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Nylon
In the early 1930’s,
Wallace Carothers
produced nylon while
researching cotton and
silk.
A team of scientists
and engineers applied
Carothers’s research to
the commercial
production of nylon.
1.1
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Aspirin
Long before researchers figured out how aspirin
works, people used it to relieve pain, and
doctors prescribed it for patients who were at
risk for a heart attack.
In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block
the production of a group of chemicals that
cause pain and lead to the formation of blood
clots. This is an example of pure research.
1.1
Why Study Chemistry?
Why Study Chemistry?
What are some general reasons to
study chemistry?
1.1
Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining
the natural world, preparing people for
career opportunities, and producing
informed citizens.
1.1
Why Study Chemistry?
Explaining the Natural World
Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural
desire to understand how things work.
1.1
Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing For a Career
Many careers require knowledge of chemistry.
A photographer uses chemical processes to
control the development of photographs in a
darkroom.
1.1
Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
Knowledge of chemistry
and other sciences can
help you evaluate the data
presented, arrive at an
informed opinion, and take
appropriate action.
Why Study Chemistry?
You need it to graduate!!!!!
1.2
Materials
Materials
What impact do chemists have on
materials, energy, medicine,
agriculture, the environment, and the
study of the universe?
1.2
Materials
In 1948, George de Mestral
took a close look at the burrs
that stuck to his clothing. He
saw that each burr was
covered with many tiny
hooks.
In 1955, de Mestral patented
the design for the hook-andloop tapes. These are used
as fasteners in shoes and
gloves.
1.2
Materials
This story illustrates two ways of looking at the
world—the macroscopic view and the
microscopic view.
• Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the
world of objects that are large enough to see
with the unaided eye.
• The hooks belong to the microscopic world,
or the world of objects that can be seen only
under magnification.
1.2
Energy
Energy
Chemists play an essential role in
finding ways to conserve energy,
produce energy, and store energy.
1.2
Energy
Conservation
One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is
through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier
to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a
house or from the outside to the inside of a
freezer.
1.2
Energy
SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light
enough to float on soap bubbles.
1.2
Energy
Production
The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas
is a major source of energy. These materials
are called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is
used to make biodiesel.
1.2
Energy
Storage
Batteries are devices that use chemicals to
store energy that will be released as electric
current.
For some applications, it important to have
batteries that can be recharged rather than
thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones,
and laptop computers use rechargeable
batteries.
1.2
Medicine and Biotechnology
Medicine and Biotechnology
Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials,
and technology that doctors use to treat their
patients.
1.2
Medicine and Biotechnology
Medicines
There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many
drugs are effective because they interact in a
specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge
of the structure and function of these target
chemicals helps a chemist design safe and
effective drugs.
1.2
Medicine and Biotechnology
Materials
Chemistry can supply materials to repair or
replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees
made from metals and plastics can replace
worn-out joints and allow people to walk again
without pain.
1.2
Medicine and Biotechnology
Biotechnology
From 1990 to 2003,
scientists worldwide worked
on the Human Genome
Project. They identified the
genes that comprise human
DNA—about 30,000. The
discovery of the structure of
DNA led to the
development of
biotechnology.
1.2
Medicine and Biotechnology
Biotechnology applies science to the
production of biological products or processes.
1.2
Agriculture
Agriculture
Chemists help to develop more
productive crops and safer, more
effective ways to protect crops.
1.2
Agriculture
Productivity
One way to track productivity is to measure the
amount of edible food that is grown on a given
unit of land.
Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right
chemicals to grow a particular crop and
recommend ways to improve the soil.
1.2
Agriculture
Chemists also help
determine when a crop
needs water.
If the genes from a
jellyfish that glows are
transferred to a potato
plant, the plant glows
when it needs to be
watered.
1.2
Agriculture
Crop Protection
Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced
by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube
wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant
contains a chemical that a female pinworm
moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes
with the mating process so that fewer pinworms
are produced.
1.2
The Environment
The Environment
A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or
soil that is harmful to humans or other
organisms.
•Chemists help to identify pollutants
and prevent pollution.
1.2
The Environment
Identify Pollutants
Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many
products, including paints and gasoline.
A study done in 1971 showed that the level of
lead that is harmful to humans is much lower
than had been thought, especially for children.
Even low levels of lead in the blood can
permanently damage the nervous system of a
growing child.
1.2
The Environment
Prevent Pollution
The strategies used to
prevent lead poisoning
include testing children’s
blood for lead, regulation
of home sales to families
with young children, and
public awareness
campaigns with posters.
1.2
The Environment
The percentage of children with elevated blood
levels has decreased since the 1970s.
1.2
The Universe
The Universe
To study the universe, chemists
gather data from afar and analyze
matter that is brought back to Earth.
1.2
The Universe
Chemists have analyzed more than 850
pounds of moon rocks that were brought back
to Earth. Some of these rocks are similar to
rocks formed by volcanoes on Earth,
suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava
once covered the moon's surface.
1.2
The Universe
The robotic vehicle Opportunity was designed
to determine the chemical composition of rocks
and soil on Mars. Data collected at the vehicle’s
landing site indicated that the site was once
drenched with water.
1.3
Thinking Like a Scientist
In 1928, Alexander
Fleming noticed that
bacteria he was studying
did not grow in the
presence of a yellowgreen mold. In 1945,
Fleming shared a Nobel
Prize for Medicine with
Howard Florey and Ernst
Chain, who led the team
that isolated penicillin.
1.3
Alchemy
Alchemy
How did alchemy lay the groundwork
for chemistry?
1.3
Alchemy
Alchemists developed the tools and
techniques for working with chemicals.
1.3
Alchemy
Alchemists developed
processes for
separating mixtures and
purifying chemicals.
They designed
equipment that is still in
use today including
beakers, flasks, tongs,
funnels, and the mortar
and pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
An Experimental Approach to Science
How did Lavoisier help to transform
chemistry?
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry
from a science of observation to the
science of measurement that it is today.
1.3
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier designed a balance that could
measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He
also showed that oxygen is required for a
material to burn.
Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory
1.3
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What are the steps in the scientific
method?
1.3
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical, systematic
approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
•Steps in the scientific method include
making observations, testing hypotheses,
and developing theories.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Making Observations
When you use your
senses to obtain
information, you make an
observation.
Suppose you try to turn
on a flashlight and it does
not light. An observation
can lead to a question:
What’s wrong with the
flashlight?
1.3
The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an
observation.
You guess that the flashlight needs new
batteries. You can test your hypothesis by
putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the
flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that
your hypothesis is true.
1.3
The Scientific Method
An experiment is a procedure that is used to
test a hypothesis. When you design
experiments, you deal with variables, or factors
that can change.
• The variable that you change during an
experiment is the manipulated variable, or
independent variable.
• The variable that is observed during the
experiment is the responding variable, or
dependent variable.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Developing Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated
experimentation, it may become a theory.
• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a
broad set of observations.
• A theory may need to be changed at some
point in the future to explain new
observations or experimental results.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement that
summarizes the results of many observations
and experiments.
A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the
relationship it describes. That explanation
requires a theory.
1.3
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration and Communication
What role do collaboration and
communication play in science?
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
No matter how talented the players on a team,
one player cannot ensure victory for the team.
Individuals must collaborate, or work together,
for the good of the team.
•When scientists collaborate and
communicate, they increase the
likelihood of a successful outcome.
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration
Scientists choose to collaborate for different
reasons.
• Some research problems are so complex
that no one person could have all of the
knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the
problem.
• Scientists might conduct research for an
industry in exchange for equipment and the
time to do the research.
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process.
You will likely work on a team in the laboratory.
If so, you may face some challenges. But you
can also experience the benefits of
collaboration.
1.3
Collaboration and Communication
Communication
Scientists communicate
face to face, by e-mail, by
phone, and at international
conferences.
Scientists publish their
results in scientific
journals. Articles are
published only after being
reviewed by experts in the
author’s field.