EMOTIONS Per. 2 38.1 Introduction to Emotion and the Three Theories Max Wu Kealina Elzey-Aberilla Period 2 Emotion • Emotions are a response of whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences Three Theories 1. James-Lange Theory 2. Cannon-Bard Theory 3. Two-Factor Theory James-Lange Theory • William James and Carl Lange • Your feelings of an emotion follow physiological arousal • If arousal is not noticed then you will not feel any emotion (Emotion in Psychology 101) Cannon-Bard Theory • Walter Cannon and Philip Bard • Thought body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke emotions • Believe physiological arousal and emotional experiences occur simultaneously (Emotion in Psychology 101) • Emotion-triggering stimulus is routed to brain’s cortex causing awareness and to the sympathetic nervous system causing arousal Two-Factor Theory • Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer • Proposed that physiology and cognitions (perceptions, memory, and interpretations) work together to create emotions Two-Factor Theory Cont. • Emotions have two ingredients: 1. Physical Arousal 2. Cognitive Label • To experience an emotion you must label the arousal (Emotion in Psychology 101) Works Cited • Myers, David G. "38.1 Introduction to Emotion." Psychology Eighth Edition In Modules. New York: Worth, 2007. 514-16. Print. • "Emotion in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online." Emotion in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online. Heffner Media Group, Inc., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System By: Lauren Calkins & Ashley Rapoza What is it? • Mobilization of action in a less noticeable way – Liver extracts excess sugar into blood to provide energy – Respiration increases to supply oxygen to burn the sugar • Controls our arousal • Incorporates Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division How it Works Sympathetic • Directs adrenal glands to tell kidney to release epinephrine and norepinephrine • Increase blood pressure, blood sugar and heart rate Parasympathetic • Calms body after sympathetic div. occurs • Inhibits the release of stress hormones • Hormones in blood will diminish Arousal and Performance relationship • • • • Arousal too little :( too much :( juuuusst right :) = ex. sleepiness ex. nervousness optimal performance Level of arousal for optimal performance THE END! Bibliography: • Myers, David G. "Chapter 38 Introduction to Emotion." Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2007. 516-17. Print. • Williams, Dai. "Fear and Violence in Stressed Populations." Fear and Violence in Stressed Populations. The Eos Life~Work Resource Centre, 27 Apr. 1999. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. • Stangor, Charles. "Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. Flat World Knowledge, Inc, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. INTRODUCTION TO EMOTION 38-6 & 38-7 Victoria Boles & Brandon Picanco How does the spillover effect influence the experience of emotions? SPILLOVER EFFECT Sometimes, our arousal response from one event can spill over into the next event. For example, going for an exhilarating run. Coming home feeling accomplished, you find a letter saying that you were being offered a longedfor job. Would you feel as euphoric if you had just woken up from a nap? Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer To determine whether or not the spill over effect exists, Schachter and Singer designed an experiment involving male college students. Each student was given a shot of the hormone epinephrine. There were told that they were either going to feel euphoria or irritation depending on the room they were placed in with another individual. When their hearts began to race, their bodies flushed and their breathing became rapid, they felt little emotion because they were already aware of what was going to happen. Would they have felt differently if they hadn’t known what they were going to experience? Y e s! Schachter and Singer performed the same experiment on a completely different group of men except this time, they didn’t tell them the side-effects on the hormone epinephrine. This time, the patients “caught” the emotion of the person in the same room as them. This discovery shows that a stirred up state can be experienced as one emotion or another very different one depending on how we interpret and label it. It has been replicated in dozens of experiments. Just as the Schachter-Singer twofactor theory predicts, arousal + label = emotion. Emotional arousal is not as undifferentiated as they believed. However, diverse emotions such as anger, fear, and sexual excitement can indeed spill from one emotion to another. Arousal Label Emotio In order to experience an emotion, must we first label our arousal? Robert Zajonc Sometimes we experience unlabeled emotion. Imagine receiving disturbing news. Someone that you’re close to got hurt, or you’ve offended someone. Someone engages you in a conversation and takes away your attention from what you’re feeling. You begin to lose awareness of the bad news. Yet, as the bodily effects still linger, and the un-labeled feeling still churns inside of you. You still feel bad, but you can’t put your finger on why. That’s where Robert Zajonc comes into play! Zajonc contended that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation. Like some speedy reflexes that operate apart from the brain’s thinking cortex, some emotions take the “low roads” or the alternative “high road” pathway. One low-road pathway runs from the eye or ear via the thalamus to the amygdala, an emotional control center. The amygdala shortcut, bypassing the cortex, enables our greased-lightning emotional response before our intellect gets in the way. It happens so fast that we’re completely unaware of what happened. The amygdala sends more neural projections up to the neural cortex than it receives back. This makes it easier for our feelings to hijack our thinking than for our thinking to rule our feelings. Emotion researcher, Richard Lazarus, concluded that our brains process and react to vast amount of information without our conscious awareness. He also said that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking. Complex emotions such as happiness, guilt and love arise from our interpretations and expectations. Highly emotional people are intense partly because of their interpretations. They may personalize events as being somehow directed at them, and they may generalize their experiences by blowing single incidents out of proportion. Detecting and Computing Emotion By: Jackie Hackworth and Leila Latorre Misleading Facial Behaviors Indicate emotions a person is trying to conceal Ex: Lifting inner part of eyebrows = distress or worry Eyebrows raised & pulled together = fear The Ekman and O’Sullivan experiment Found that you can boost your chances of catching a person lying if you look for the signs Students either watched a nature or an upsetting gruesome film Then students were asked to describe how they enjoyed the nature film Results The people who were trained to catch the liars were 86% accurate Body Gestures Fidgeting may reveal anxiety or boredom Specific interpertations of different expressions may convey the same emotion Ex: cold stare or avoidance of eye contact = hostility Single gestures May convey completely different emotions Ex: folded arms = irritation or relaxation What happens when body gestures and facial expressions are absent Emails and texts are easy to misread You are judged on your words only With the lack of vocal usage we often have a hard time knowing if the person is being serious, sarcastic or even telling the truth Works Cited "The Effects Of Comparisons On Detecting Deceit." N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Effect-OfComparisons-On-Detecting-Deceit.pdf>. Ludwig, Thomas E., and David G. Myers. "Expressed Emotion." PsychInquiry for David G. Myers Psychology, Eight Edition in Modules. New York, NY: Worth Pub., 2007. 52728. Print. Expressed Emotion by Jarren Higaki and Kelsey Maloney 40 Culture and Emotional Expression Objective: 39-4 Otto Klineberg Canadian psychologist Saw the difference of how gestures varied between cultures Observed Chinese literature people and their gestures Do facial expressions also have different meanings in different cultures? Two research teams: one led by Paul Ekman, Wallace Friesen, and others The other by Carroll Izard They showed different photos of facial expressions to people in different parts of the world to guess the emotion Continued….. They found that facial expressions have nonverbal accents that give cues to one’s culture Children’s facial expressions The facial of expressions of children even those that are blind are universal Children cry when distressed, shake their heads when defiant, and smile when they are happy The Effects of Facial Expressions Objective 39-5 46 Facial Expressions 6 universal facial expressions (happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger) We create facial expressions with sequential combinations of face muscles 47 Effects Going through the motions awakens the emotions. Amplify felt emotion and signal the body to respond accordingly 48 Facial Feedback James Laird experimented with the facial feedback effect Made students make certain facial expressions or use certain muscles to change emotion or mood 49 Behavior Feedback Sara Snodgrass observed the behavior feedback phenomenon with walking Changing the way we walk changes our mood 50 Imitating Others Kathleen Burns Vaughn and John Lanzetta asked students to make a pained expression whenever an electric shock was delivered to someone they were watching Mimicking others’ expressions helps us feel their emotions 51 Face and Posture William Flack manipulated both facial expressions and posture in his experiments Triggered emotions and feelings 52 Works Cited "IN HER SHOES: CENTSATIONAL GIRL." Effortless Style Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Myers, David G. Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. New York: Worth, 2007. Print. "The Formative Years of the Union." The Years of the Union. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Formative https://www.boundless.com/psychology/emotion/emotion /sociocultural-functions-of-emotions/ Experienced Emotion 40-1 obj: name several basic emotions and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions Carroll Izard • 10 basic emotions • joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt emotion- physiology + expressive behavior + conscious experience Fear • fear is adaptive Fear is an alarm system that prepares our bodies to flee from danger Fear helps us focus on a problem and rehearse coping strategies reaction to something immediate that threatens safety or security Myers, David G. "40-1." Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. New York: Worth, 2007. 533-34. Print. Anger Identifying Common triggers and consequences Assessing the Catharsis Hypothesis By: Brent Inouye & Aliana Holt Causes and Common Triggers Response to a friend’s or loved one’s perceived misdeeds and was especially common when another person’s act seemed willful, unjustified, and avoidable Blameless annoyances (smell, traffic, pain) Anger primes prejudice and fuels verbal or physically aggressive acts Anger is maladaptive Catharsis Hypothesis Through aggressive action or fantasy we can achieve emotional release, or catharsis Catharsis usually fails to cleanse rage It is only temporarily calming if it doesn’t leave you feeling guilty or anxious Those who vent (catharsis) exhibit more hostility than those who don't Coping With Your Anger Wait to bring down the level of physiological arousal before confrontation Calm yourself in activities such as exercising, playing an instrument, or talking to a friend Forgiveness is proven to reduce blood pressure, heart rate, and release facial tension Citations Slide 2- Pg. 536: Causes and Common Triggers Slide 3- Pg. 537. 4th Paragraph: Catharsis Hypothesis Slide 4- Pg. 537-538 8th to 2nd Paragraph: Dealing with anger Group 11 Obj. 40-5, 40-6, & 40-7 Pages: 538 - 540 By: Brandi and Bekah William James “How to gain, how to keep, how to recover happiness is in fact for most men at all times the secret motivation for all they do.” Happiness 40-5 Feel-good, do-good phenomenon People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. Subjective well-being Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objectives well-being The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs 40-6 Suprising Reality: We overestimate the duration if emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt Discovery!! David Watson & Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues Discovered that positive emotions rise over the early to middle part of most days. Wealth and Well-Being 40-7 Emotional Emotional effects of dramatically positive events fade sooner than those of dramatically negative events. Negative events have greater emotional impact. Fact! Most people believe they would be happier with more money but, in most cases that is not true. Did you know? After comfortably covered for basic life needs, increased wealth actually decreases happiness, especially for those striving hardest for wealth to show off or for material reasons not to provide for family. OBJ 40-47 TAYLOR AND NOELANI SHORT LIFE OF EMOTIONAL UPS AND DOWNS Positive emotions rise over the early to middle part of most days Stressful events trigger bad moods but they are almost always gone by the following day Emotional ups and downs tend to balance out Most people, even if affected by trauma, disease, or any other ailments tend to have the same levels of happiness as those that are unaffected when given time to adapt We overestimate the duration of emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt WEALTH AND WELL-BEING Increased affluence hardly affects happiness Those who live with a sense of gratitude experience greater happiness The average American is richer than in 1935, but not a bit happier Those who strive towards wealth more than anything tend to have a lower well-being. Especially true in those who use it to show off, get expensive things, etc., than those who use it to support their family Those who strive for intimacy, personal growth, contribution to society, and value love more than wealth experience a higher quality of life. ADAPTATION AND COMPARISON Adaptation-level phenomenon –our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. Our neutral levels adjust based on experiences. When our income, grades, or popularity increases, we experience a brief period of increased happiness until we adapt. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are relative to our most recent experience HAPPINESS AND OTHERS’ ATTAINMENTS Happiness is relative to past experiences as well as our comparisons with others Relative deprivation – the sense that we are worse off than others with whom we compare ourselves. Middle and upper-income people tend to feel slightly more satisfied with their lives when compared to their lower income counterparts. BUT, once you reach middle income, more affluence does little to increase happiness PREDICTORS OF HAPPINESS A study of 254 identical and fraternal twins showed an estimated 50% of the difference among people’s happiness ratings are heritable Happy people tend to have high self-esteem, are optimistic, outgoing, agreeable, have close friendships or satisfying marriages, work and leisure that engage their skills, etc. Happiness is not so much related to age, gender, education levels, parenthood, or physical attractiveness