EMOTIONS Per. 2
38.1 Introduction to Emotion
and the Three Theories
Max Wu
Kealina Elzey-Aberilla
Period 2
Emotion
• Emotions are a response of whole organism,
involving physiological arousal, expressive
behaviors, and conscious experiences
Three Theories
1. James-Lange Theory
2. Cannon-Bard Theory
3. Two-Factor Theory
James-Lange Theory
• William James and Carl Lange
• Your feelings of an emotion follow physiological
arousal
• If arousal is not noticed then you will not feel
any emotion (Emotion in Psychology 101)
Cannon-Bard Theory
• Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
• Thought body’s responses were not distinct
enough to evoke emotions
• Believe physiological arousal and emotional
experiences occur simultaneously (Emotion in
Psychology 101)
• Emotion-triggering stimulus is routed to brain’s
cortex causing awareness and to the sympathetic
nervous system causing arousal
Two-Factor Theory
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
• Proposed that physiology and cognitions
(perceptions, memory, and interpretations)
work together to create emotions
Two-Factor Theory Cont.
•
Emotions have two ingredients:
1. Physical Arousal
2. Cognitive Label
•
To experience an emotion you must label the
arousal (Emotion in Psychology 101)
Works Cited
• Myers, David G. "38.1 Introduction to
Emotion." Psychology Eighth Edition In
Modules. New York: Worth, 2007. 514-16. Print.
• "Emotion in Psychology 101 at AllPsych
Online." Emotion in Psychology 101 at AllPsych
Online. Heffner Media Group, Inc., n.d. Web. 12
Feb. 2014.
Emotions and the
Autonomic Nervous System
By: Lauren Calkins
&
Ashley Rapoza
What is it?
• Mobilization of action in a less noticeable way
– Liver extracts excess sugar into blood to provide
energy
– Respiration increases to supply oxygen to burn the
sugar
• Controls our arousal
• Incorporates Sympathetic division and
Parasympathetic division
How it Works
Sympathetic
• Directs adrenal glands to
tell kidney to release
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• Increase blood pressure,
blood sugar and heart
rate
Parasympathetic
• Calms body after
sympathetic div. occurs
• Inhibits the release of
stress hormones
• Hormones in blood will
diminish
Arousal and Performance relationship
•
•
•
•
Arousal
too little :(
too much :(
juuuusst right :)
=
ex. sleepiness
ex. nervousness
optimal performance
Level of arousal for optimal
performance
THE END!
Bibliography:
•
Myers, David G. "Chapter 38 Introduction to Emotion." Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2007. 516-17. Print.
•
Williams, Dai. "Fear and Violence in Stressed Populations." Fear and Violence in Stressed Populations. The Eos Life~Work Resource Centre, 27 Apr. 1999. Web.
10 Feb. 2014.
•
Stangor, Charles. "Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. Flat World Knowledge, Inc, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
INTRODUCTION
TO EMOTION
38-6 & 38-7
Victoria Boles & Brandon Picanco
How does the
spillover effect
influence the
experience of
emotions?
SPILLOVER EFFECT
Sometimes, our arousal response from
one event can spill over into the next
event. For example, going for an
exhilarating run. Coming home feeling
accomplished, you find a letter saying
that you were being offered a longedfor job. Would you feel as euphoric if
you had just woken up from a nap?
Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer
To determine whether or not the
spill over effect exists, Schachter
and Singer designed an
experiment involving male college
students. Each student was given a
shot of the hormone epinephrine.
There were told that they were
either going to feel euphoria or
irritation depending on the room
they were placed in with another
individual. When their hearts
began to race, their bodies flushed
and their breathing became rapid,
they felt little emotion because
they were already aware of what
was going to happen.
Would they have felt differently if
they hadn’t known what they were
going to experience?
Y e s!
Schachter and Singer performed the same
experiment on a completely different group of
men except this time, they didn’t tell them the
side-effects on the hormone epinephrine. This
time, the patients “caught” the emotion of the
person in the same room as them.
This discovery shows that a stirred
up state can be experienced as one emotion or
another very different one depending on how we
interpret and label it. It has been replicated in dozens
of experiments. Just as the Schachter-Singer twofactor theory predicts, arousal + label = emotion.
Emotional arousal is not as undifferentiated as they
believed. However, diverse emotions such as anger,
fear, and sexual excitement can indeed spill from one
emotion to another.
Arousal
Label
Emotio
In order to experience an
emotion, must we first label
our arousal?
Robert Zajonc
Sometimes we experience
unlabeled emotion. Imagine
receiving disturbing news.
Someone that you’re close to got
hurt, or you’ve offended someone.
Someone engages you in a
conversation and takes away your
attention from what you’re feeling.
You begin to lose awareness of the
bad news. Yet, as the bodily effects
still linger, and the un-labeled
feeling still churns inside of you. You
still feel bad, but you can’t put your
finger on why. That’s where Robert
Zajonc comes into play!
Zajonc contended that we actually
have many emotional reactions
apart from, or even before, our
interpretation of a situation. Like
some speedy reflexes that operate
apart from the brain’s thinking
cortex, some emotions take the
“low roads” or the alternative “high
road” pathway.
One low-road pathway
runs from the eye or ear via
the thalamus to the
amygdala, an emotional
control center. The amygdala
shortcut, bypassing the cortex,
enables our greased-lightning
emotional response before our
intellect gets in the way. It
happens so fast that we’re
completely unaware of what
happened.
The amygdala sends
more neural
projections up to the
neural cortex than it
receives back. This
makes it easier for our
feelings to hijack our
thinking than for our
thinking to rule our
feelings.
Emotion researcher, Richard
Lazarus, concluded that our
brains process and react to vast
amount of information without our
conscious awareness. He also said
that some emotional responses
do not require conscious thinking.
Complex emotions such as
happiness, guilt and love arise
from our interpretations and
expectations. Highly emotional
people are intense partly
because of their interpretations.
They may personalize events as
being somehow directed at them,
and they may generalize their
experiences by blowing single
incidents out of proportion.
Detecting and
Computing
Emotion
By: Jackie Hackworth and
Leila Latorre
Misleading Facial Behaviors
 Indicate


emotions a person is trying to conceal
Ex: Lifting inner part of eyebrows = distress or worry
Eyebrows raised & pulled together = fear
The Ekman and O’Sullivan
experiment
 Found
that you can boost your chances
of catching a person lying if you look for
the signs
 Students either watched a nature or an
upsetting gruesome film
 Then students were asked to describe
how they enjoyed the nature film
Results
 The
people who were trained to catch
the liars were 86% accurate
Body Gestures
 Fidgeting
may reveal anxiety or boredom
 Specific interpertations of different expressions may
convey the same emotion

Ex: cold stare or avoidance of eye contact = hostility
Single gestures
 May
convey
completely different
emotions

Ex: folded arms =
irritation or
relaxation
What happens when body
gestures and facial expressions
are absent
 Emails
and texts are easy to
misread
 You are judged on your
words only
 With the lack of vocal usage
we often have a hard time
knowing if the person is
being serious, sarcastic or
even telling the truth
Works Cited


"The Effects Of Comparisons On Detecting Deceit." N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/The-Effect-OfComparisons-On-Detecting-Deceit.pdf>.
Ludwig, Thomas E., and David G. Myers. "Expressed Emotion." PsychInquiry for David
G. Myers Psychology, Eight Edition in Modules. New York, NY: Worth Pub., 2007. 52728. Print.
Expressed Emotion
by Jarren Higaki and Kelsey Maloney
40
Culture and Emotional
Expression
Objective: 39-4
Otto Klineberg
Canadian psychologist
Saw the difference of how
gestures varied between
cultures
Observed Chinese
literature people and their
gestures
Do facial expressions also have different
meanings in different cultures?
Two research teams:
one led by Paul Ekman, Wallace
Friesen, and others
The other by Carroll Izard
They showed different photos of facial
expressions to people in different parts of
the world to guess the emotion
Continued…..
They found that facial expressions have
nonverbal accents that give cues to one’s
culture
Children’s facial expressions
The facial of expressions of children even
those that are blind are universal
Children cry when distressed, shake their
heads when defiant, and smile when they
are happy
The Effects of
Facial Expressions
Objective 39-5
46
Facial Expressions
6 universal facial expressions (happiness,
sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger)
We create facial expressions with
sequential combinations of face muscles
47
Effects
Going through the motions awakens the
emotions.
Amplify felt emotion and signal the body
to respond accordingly
48
Facial Feedback
James Laird experimented with the facial
feedback effect
Made students make certain facial
expressions or use certain muscles to
change emotion or mood
49
Behavior Feedback
Sara Snodgrass observed the behavior
feedback phenomenon with walking
Changing the way we walk changes our
mood
50
Imitating Others
Kathleen Burns Vaughn and John
Lanzetta asked students to make a
pained expression whenever an electric
shock was delivered to someone they
were watching
Mimicking others’ expressions helps us
feel their emotions
51
Face and Posture
William Flack manipulated both facial
expressions and posture in his
experiments
Triggered emotions and feelings
52
Works Cited
 "IN HER SHOES: CENTSATIONAL GIRL." Effortless
Style Blog. N.p., n.d.
Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
 Myers, David G. Psychology Eighth
Edition in
Modules. New York: Worth,
2007. Print.
 "The Formative Years of the Union." The
Years of the Union. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
Formative
 https://www.boundless.com/psychology/emotion/emotion
/sociocultural-functions-of-emotions/
Experienced Emotion
40-1
obj: name several basic emotions and describe two dimensions
psychologists use to differentiate emotions
Carroll Izard
•
10 basic emotions

•
joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness,
anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
emotion- physiology + expressive behavior +
conscious experience
Fear
•
fear is adaptive



Fear is an alarm system that prepares our bodies
to flee from danger
Fear helps us focus on a problem and rehearse
coping strategies
reaction to something immediate that threatens
safety or security
Myers, David G. "40-1." Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. New York: Worth, 2007. 533-34. Print.
Anger
Identifying Common triggers and consequences
Assessing the Catharsis Hypothesis
By: Brent Inouye &
Aliana Holt
Causes and Common Triggers




Response to a friend’s or loved one’s perceived
misdeeds and was especially common when another
person’s act seemed willful, unjustified, and
avoidable
Blameless annoyances (smell, traffic, pain)
Anger primes prejudice and fuels verbal or physically
aggressive acts
Anger is maladaptive
Catharsis Hypothesis




Through aggressive action or fantasy we can
achieve emotional release, or catharsis
Catharsis usually fails to cleanse rage
It is only temporarily calming if it doesn’t leave you
feeling guilty or anxious
Those who vent (catharsis) exhibit more hostility
than those who don't
Coping With Your Anger



Wait to bring down the level of physiological arousal
before confrontation
Calm yourself in activities such as exercising,
playing an instrument, or talking to a friend
Forgiveness is proven to reduce blood pressure,
heart rate, and release facial tension
Citations



Slide 2- Pg. 536: Causes and Common Triggers
Slide 3- Pg. 537. 4th Paragraph: Catharsis
Hypothesis
Slide 4- Pg. 537-538 8th to 2nd Paragraph: Dealing
with anger
Group 11
Obj. 40-5, 40-6, & 40-7
Pages: 538 - 540
By: Brandi and Bekah
William James
“How to gain, how to keep, how to
recover happiness is in fact for
most men at all times the secret
motivation for all they do.”
Happiness 40-5
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
Subjective well-being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with
measures of objectives well-being
The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs 40-6
Suprising Reality:
We overestimate the
duration if emotions and
underestimate our
capacity to adapt
Discovery!!
David Watson &
Daniel Kahneman
and his colleagues
 Discovered that positive
emotions rise over the early to
middle part of most days.
Wealth and Well-Being 40-7
Emotional
 Emotional effects of dramatically positive events
fade sooner than those of dramatically negative
events. Negative events have greater emotional
impact.
Fact!
 Most people believe they would be happier with
more money but, in most cases that is not true.
Did you know?
 After comfortably covered for basic life needs,
increased wealth actually decreases happiness,
especially for those striving hardest for wealth to
show off or for material reasons not to provide for
family.
OBJ 40-47
TAYLOR AND NOELANI
SHORT LIFE OF EMOTIONAL UPS AND
DOWNS
Positive emotions rise over the early to middle
part of most days
 Stressful events trigger bad moods but they are
almost always gone by the following day
 Emotional ups and downs tend to balance out
 Most people, even if affected by trauma, disease,
or any other ailments tend to have the same
levels of happiness as those that are unaffected
when given time to adapt
 We overestimate the duration of emotions and
underestimate our capacity to adapt

WEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Increased affluence hardly affects happiness
 Those who live with a sense of gratitude
experience greater happiness
 The average American is richer than in 1935, but
not a bit happier
 Those who strive towards wealth more than
anything tend to have a lower well-being.
Especially true in those who use it to show off,
get expensive things, etc., than those who use it
to support their family
 Those who strive for intimacy, personal growth,
contribution to society, and value love more than
wealth experience a higher quality of life.

ADAPTATION AND COMPARISON
Adaptation-level phenomenon –our tendency
to form judgments relative to a neutral level
defined by our prior experience.
 Our neutral levels adjust based on experiences.
 When our income, grades, or popularity
increases, we experience a brief period of
increased happiness until we adapt.
 Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are relative to
our most recent experience

HAPPINESS AND OTHERS’ ATTAINMENTS
Happiness is relative to past experiences as well
as our comparisons with others
 Relative deprivation – the sense that we are
worse off than others with whom we compare
ourselves.
 Middle and upper-income people tend to feel
slightly more satisfied with their lives when
compared to their lower income counterparts.
 BUT, once you reach middle income, more
affluence does little to increase happiness

PREDICTORS OF HAPPINESS
A study of 254 identical and fraternal twins
showed an estimated 50% of the difference
among people’s happiness ratings are heritable
 Happy people tend to have high self-esteem, are
optimistic, outgoing, agreeable, have close
friendships or satisfying marriages, work and
leisure that engage their skills, etc.
 Happiness is not so much related to age, gender,
education levels, parenthood, or physical
attractiveness
