BELLWORK 9/24
Using Zinn ch. 7, answer the following:
1. Explain President Jackson’s strategy for conquering native
land.
2. How were treaties used by the U.S. government to take
native land? Why did natives continue to sign treaties if
the U.S. continued to break them?
3. Describe the progression of the state of Florida. How did it
switch between Spanish-Native-U.S. control?
4. THINKER: To what extent did Native American removal
make way for the successes and development of the
United States?
Westward Expansion
A new nation grows
Motive #1: Over-Population in the East
• In 1780, 2.7 million people lived in the
13 states.
• By 1830, 12 million people lived in 24
states.
• Average American woman had five
children.
• Half of America’s population was under
17.
• Competed with immigrants for jobs
• Many people felt that in order to
achieve success within a huge
population they would have to move
West.
Population
growth in
America by
decade
1610
3,800
1840
17,069,453
1620
4,100
1850
23,191,876
1630
4,600
1860
31,443,321
1650
50,400
1870
38,558,371
1670
111,900
1880
50,189,209
1690
210,400
1890
62,979,766
1700
250,900
1900
76,212,168
1720
466,200
1910
92,228,496
1740
905,600
1920
106,021,537
1750
1,170,800
1930
123,202,624
1770
2,148,100
1940
132,164,569
1780
2,780,400
1950
151,325,798
1790
3,929,214
1960
179,323,175
1800
5,308,483
1970
203,211,926
1810
7,239,881
1980
226,545,805
1820
9,638,453
1990
248,709,873
1830
12,866,020
2000
281,421,906
2010
308,745,53
Motive #2: Available Farmland West of the
Appalachians
Motive #3: Desire for New
Opportunity and Wealth
Motive #4: Manifest Destiny
• “From sea to shining sea”
• Belief that the United
States was destined to
expand across the North
American continent.
• Used to justify war with
Mexico and taking over
Native American land.
The Louisiana Purchase
• In 1803, President Jefferson sent James Monroe to buy all
of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.
• This nearly doubled the size of the U.S.
• Next, President Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to lead explorations of the new territory.
• Lewis and Clark traveled all the way to the Pacific Ocean,
while creating the first completed map of the U.S.
• Their detailed reports and maps sparked the interest of
Americans and caused thousands of families to move West.
Conflict with Native Americans
• Settlers’ views of land and resources
contradicted with Native American
traditions.
• Both groups felt they had fair claim to the
Western region and Great Plains because
they held numerous resources.
• Several groups were hostile to the whites
(Shawnee/Apache/Creek) while others tried
to assimilate (Cherokee/Chickasaw/Sioux).
• Eventually, white settlers took over and
forced them onto reservations: federal lands
set aside for their inhabitance.
Native American Removal
• When President Jackson came to power, he
authorized the largest Native American removal in
history. (1830 Indian Removal Act)
• Trail of Tears (1833): forcible relocation of Natives
from the eastern U.S. to Oklahoma.
• On the way, 4,000 of the 15,000 Indians died of
diseases and starvation.
Population
east of the MI
River before
removal treaty
Removal treaty
(year signed)
Choctaw
19,554
Dancing Rabbit
Creek (1830)
1831–1836
12,500
2,000–4,000+
(Cholera)
Creek
22,700
Cusseta (1832)
1834–1837
19,600
3,500 (disease after
removal)
Chickasaw
4,914
Pontotoc Creek
(1832)
1837–1847
over 4,000
500–800
New Echota
(1835)
1836–1838
20,000
2,000–8,000
Payne's Landing
(1832)
1832–1842
2,833
Nation
21,500
Cherokee
Seminole
5,000
Years of major
emigration
Total number
emigrated or
forcibly
removed
Deaths during
removal
Jackson and the Natives
• “In possession of land of
their own, which they
shall possess as long as
grass grows or water
runs. I am and will
protect them and be
their friend and father.”
Manifest Destiny
• Florida: Given to the United
States as a part of the Adams Onis Treaty in 1819….. Why?
• Oregon (1846)- Russia, France,
Britain and the United States all
had claims in the area – U.S. led
negotiations
• Mexican Cession (1848) – The
treaty that ended the MexicanAmerican War added CA, NV,
AZ, NM, TX, UT, CO
The Mexican-American War
1846-1848
Invasión Estadounidense a México
Background
• Mexico suffered political,
economic, and social instability
following their revolution from
Spain.
– 49 presidents in 33 years
– Racial hierarchy
– Santa Anna = conservative
• 1820: To help pay off debt, Mexico
granted permission for Stephen
Austin to move 300 families into
TX (The First 300)
Stephen Austin and The First 300
Texas Independence
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Texas - American settlers had come
to Texas and built plantations and
farms….eventually Americans
outnumbered Mexicans 4:1
Settlers asked Mexico for
permission to establish their own
independent state.
Mexicans refused
Texas declared herself independent
Mexico vs. Texas (Battle of the
Alamo)
• General Sam Houston (leader of Texan
revolution; elected Texan President)
• Texans had early defeats (Alamo - 1835)
• Eventually, Texans win independence after
Battle of San Jacinto
Remember the Alamo!
• During a 13-day siege, Santa Anna led an
assault on the Alamo
• Former Roman Catholic mission and
fortress compound (held
supplies/weapons)
• 1,500 Mexicans vs. 250 Texans
• All Texans were killed, but Santa Anna’s
cruelty caused more Texans and other
U.S. citizens to join the fight
• Motivated by revenge, Texas defeats
Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto &
wins their independence in 1836!
The Fall of the Alamo (1903) by Robert
Jenkins Onderdonk, depicts Davy
Crockett wielding his rifle as a club
against Mexican troops who have
breached the walls of the mission
Causes of Mexican-American War
American Occupation of Mexico City
By: Carl Nebel
• 1845: Congress
votes to annex
Texas
– Mexico views as act
of war
• Border raids
• Manifest Destiny
Why was the U.S. victorious?
• Strength and unification of
U.S. military
• Instability, debt,
organization, unpopularity
of Mexican military
Effects of Mexican-American War
• 1848: Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo
• Mexican Cession in exchange
for payment of $15 million
• U.S. forgave Mexico’s $3.5
million debt
• Mexico accepted Texas as part
of U.S.
• National border became the Rio
Grade
• U.S. guaranteed Mexicans
American citizenship
• Mexico plunged into a period of
This cartoon depicts U.S. General Zachary
chaos, debt, and political
Taylor sitting atop the skulls of Mexicanoverthrows
American war casualties
Manifest Destiny
• Gadsden Purchase (1853)– US purchased
Southern Arizona and New Mexico to build
a railroad to the West coast
Problems settlers faced moving West
• Conflict
• Exploitation of
natural resources
(animals & minerals)
• High death and
disease rates
Finish Zinn Ch. 7 by Monday!!!