FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Methods
• Oral History/ Storytelling
– Criticized
• Dependent on memory
• Storyteller has different purposes for story
Iroquoian
• Family of North American Indian languages of
the eastern part of Canada and the US
– Includes Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Seneca, Huron etc
People of The Plains
• Resided in the Interior Plains
• Depended on bison for food and shelter
– Often ate “pemmican”
• Dried bison meat
– Teepee has their main form of housing
– Sun Dance was main festival
• Festival was about bravery
• Festival of “fasting” and dancing
– No drink or water
Plateau People
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Resided in present day area of BC
Semi nomadic
Lived in “pit houses”
Salmon was important source of food
Wore mocasins
Northwest Coast Indians
• Present day Oregon to Alaska Coast
• Lived in “Big Houses”
• Arts very important to culture
– Totem poles used for their oral history
Theories
• Beringia
– Refers to the land bridge of ice
– Joined present day Alaska and Siberia
• DNA Theory
• Coastal Route Theory
Contact
• Archaeological Evidence
– St Brendan
• series of stories, no physical evidence
– Vikings
• First recorded visited
– Vinland
– John Cabot (1487)
– Jacques Cartier (1534)
• Coined the term Canada
– Champlain
• Known as the “father of New France”
Contact
• Europeans views of Native peoples
– Uncivilized and savage
– Uneducated
– dirty
• Native views of Europeans
– strange
Beothuk
• Aboriginal of Newfoundland
• Formed relationships with European
fishermen
• Extinct
– Reduced availability of resources to maintain
cultural practices
• Much of what we know comes from
Shawnadithit
Company of 100 Associates
• Chartered by French government to capitalize
on N.A free trade
• Fur trading company
Missionaries
• Jesuits
– Lived among the “Huron”
– Aimed to civilize and save
– Catholic
• Ursuline Nuns
– Marie Martin
• Became Marie de l’Incarnation
• Believed it was her destiny to convert “Natives”
• Established convents for girls
New France
• Government Structure
– King
– Governor
• Top official in New France
– Intendant
• Jean Talon
• Did day to day work of government
– Responsible for finance and justice
– Bishop
• Had task of organizing Catholic Church’s work in New France
New France
• Divine Right of Kings
– Political doctrine of New France
– Monarch is not subject to any earthly authority
• Only subject to the will of God
New France
• Terms/ Concepts
– Carignan-Salieres
• French soldiers who stayed in New France after military
service over
• Defend against Native attacks
– Coureurs des bois
• Traders who left the colony to trade directly with trappers
– Seigneurs
• Men who had won King’s favour
• Rewarded with land
– Farm families (habitants) settled on seignurie (10km x 5km land)
– Fille du Roi
• Single women imported to New France
Fall of New France
• 7 Years War
– Led to the end of France’s colonies in N.A.
• Pontiac
– Led American Indian struggle against British
military occupation of Great Lakes region
– After 7 Years War
– Wanted to drive colonials out of region
Immigration
• Immigration after Fall of New France
– Mainly Ireland
– Caused the spread of cholera epidemic in early
1800s
– Gross Ille
• Thousands of Irish immigrants with Cholera will
quarantined here, many will die.
War of 1812
• Causes
– British not surrendering Western forts
– Kidnapping of American soldiers
– Impressment
• Loyalists
• Black Loyalists
– Mainly settled in Nova Scotia
1837 Rebellions
• Family Compact and Chateau clique
dominated Upper/Lower Canadian politics
• Reformers on both sides, after being ignored
politically, turned to violence to try to push
their point.
• Both rebellions will end in failure and defeat,
though they will cause Britain to revisit their
system of rule in the Canadas.
Durham Report
• Three main points to remember:
– Unite the Two Canadas to ensure an English
Majority.
– Assimilate the French into the dominant English
culture. (This one won’t happen)
– Give Canada responsible government so that they
can start to rule themselves as they see fit.
Confederation
• John A. MacDonald
– “I shall live and die a British subject”
• Conferences led to agreement
– London (1864)
• Maritime Union
– Quebec
• Led to terms of union and 72 resolution
– Charlottetown
• Constitution Act (1867) or BNA Act
– Gave government power to enact Indian Act, 1876
• Statute concerning what is status and non status Indian and
creation of reserves
Confederation
– Fathers of Confederation
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Sir John A MacDonald
Georges Cartier
Georges Brown
Joseph Howe
– Important to note that Confederation had a long
history in coming together, but it also had a
substantial impact in creating divisions
• French/ English
• Regional
LOUIS RIEL
• The Louis Riel affair was one of the more
controversial issues that PM Sir John A
MacDonald had to deal with.
• MacDonald had to figure out what to do with
Riel after NW Rebellion. He had to be
concerned about French and English
influences and the impact of Riel’s actions
themselves.
Red River Rebellion
• Led by Metis
– Mixed French and Aboriginal
– Spoke a language which combined Cree/ French
• Led to creation of “provisional government”
– Louis Riel leader
• Ordered Thomas Scott to be hanged
• Riel Exiled
• Elected to government 3 times while in exile
– Manitoba
• 1870
• Postage stamp province
• Promise of amnesty for rebellion leaders
North West Rebellion
• Metis have mostly moved away from Manitoba to
Saskatchewan
• Same issues they faced in Manitoba
• Cree leaders join them in facing down the English
settlers/NWMP
• Gabriel Dumont Brings Riel back from exile
• Rebellion is eventually beaten at Batoche by the NWMP,
largely thanks to new technology and the fact that the new
railway allows them to deploy and resupply much quicker
than before.
• Riel is arrested and eventually hanged for treason. Dumont,
Poundmaker, & Big Bear will eventually be pardoned and
allowed to live out the rest of their lives.
Manitoba Schools Question
• Laurier
– Large issue in 1896 election campaign
– Eliminated funding for French language Catholic
Schools
Boer War
• Laurier asked to send support for British in
South African war with Boers
• French Canadians not supportive
• Compromise
– Send a group of 1000 Canadian volunteers
Last Best West
• Laurier asked Minister of Interior Clifford
Sifton to attract immigrants to Western
Canada
– Ads promoting:
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Opportunity
religious tolerance
free land
Political freedom
Last Best West
• “Desirable Immigrants”
– Europe
• “Undesirable Immigrants”
– Asian countries
– Head tax used to discourage Chinese immigrants
Alaska Boundary Dispute
• Americans were infringing on important
territory
– Britain favoured the U.S. in the dispute
1911 Election
• Reciprocity Agreement
– Free trade proposal with United States
World War I
• Ross Rifle
– Produced and used by Canadian forces
– ineffective
• War Measure Act
– Suppress rights of “enemy aliens” during time of war
• Vimy Ridge is Canada’s most important battle
– Signified Canada evolving to independent nation
• Conscription issue and Borden
– French Canadians felt their rights not being respected
– British war?
Winnipeg General Strike
• Civic workers wanted wage increase
• Led to strike led by the “one big union”
– Combination of all unions in Winnipeg together
– Focus moved from wages to right to strike
Residential Schools
– Est. as far back as 1840s by the government
– Policy of assimilation for Native peoples only
– Compulsory attendance stopped in 1948
Stock Market Crash
• 1929
• Causes
– High debt and credit
– Overproduction
– Farmer debt
– Environmental conditions (contributed)
Relief Camps
• Government solution for unemployment
– Hard labour camps for men
– Federal projects
– Low pay
– Meaningless work
– On To Ottawa Trek organized because of poor
conditions
• Stopped in Regina by RCMP
– Regina Riot
World War II
– One of the major issues is the Conscription Crisis.
– Mackenzie King is known for being tied his pledge
“Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily
conscription.”
• Delay tactic done because he did not want to anger
French Canadians who believed it was an imperial war.
• Eventually, he finds ways to get around the pledge to
bring more support to the war effort.
UNITED STATES, BRITAIN and WWII
• United States and Britain had inherited the role of
protectors of democracy prior to WWII.
• Britain had a major challenge fighting the war against
Germany in WWII
– Manpower
– Concern about the strength of Germany
– Sought appeasement policies
• The United States was very hesitant about joining WWII
against Germany. They were called an “isolationalist” statewanted to stay out of international affairs.
• US was able to do this for the most part, and only joined
the war effort after the bombing of Pearl Harbour (because
of alliance system.
Late 20th Century
• Baby Boom
• Massive rise in birth rates post war leads to a huge new
generation
• Gouzenko Affair
– A Russian embassy worker defects to Canada,
revealing the huge number of Soviet Spies in Canada
and the US. The Cold War spy war begins.
• Diefenbaker
– Defines Canada’s role in the cold war by staying as a
“Middle Power” and generally trying to calm tensions
rather than just following the US everywhere,
Korean War
• Canada Joins NATO in the Korean war, backing
the US and South Korea against the North and
China.
• We only end up playing a small support role,
though we do see some combat
• We will not, however, follow the Americans into
Vietnam, as by the 60’s our role as “Middle
Power” is firmly established.
– We will accept American “Draft Dodgers” however,
further worsening our ties to the US
Avro Arrow
• Best fighter jet in the world in 1959,
developed by AV-RO in Canada.
• The projects costs get too high, and new
missile technology made fighter planes less
useful, the government cancels their order,
scrapping the plane.
• Most of the engineers and technicians will be
picked up by the US, weakening our
aeronautics industry.
October Crisis
• October 1970, the FLQ, a Quebecois terrorist group
fighting for the independence of Quebec, kidnap James
Cross, the British trade commissioner, and Pierre
Laporte, the Minister of Labour.
• PM Trudeau will pass the war measures act to try to
find the two kidnapped men/stop any more violence.
• Laporte will be killed by the Chenier cell, Cross will be
released.
• The violent actions of the FLQ actually turn public
opinion against them, and the idea of Quebec
independence partially dies down until the 1980
referendum.
Terry Fox
• A young man who gained fame through his
attempt to run across Canada, after losing a
leg to cancer, to spread awareness and raise
funds for the cause.
• While he died before completing his run, he
did raise a great deal of Cancer awareness,
which was mostly ignored at the time, and the
charity that bears his name has raised Millions
for Cancer research since his death.
Air India Attack
• Air India Flight 182 Montreal-Delhi, was
destroyed by a bomb planted by a Sikh
terrorist cell as reprisals against the Indian
government.
• It was the largest mass killing in Canadian
history, killing 329 people.
• The attack caused Canada to heavily review its
intelligence gathering process, as the attack
could have been stopped.
Oka Crisis
• The Town of Oka in Qc attempted to expand a
golf course onto native land.
• The Mohawks at Kanasetake start an armed
protest against the developers, and the
Canadian army is called in.
• After weeks and a few firefights, the Native
land claim is found to be legitimate.
1995 Referendum
• Quebec, in a second attempt at separating from
Canada, holds a referendum.
• The vote was frighteningly close, with 49.42% of
Quebecers voting to separate from Canada.
• This created a large amount of tension between
English and French Canadians, but it also caused
a lot of political changes.
• Quebec was given more political autonomy after
the referendum and many Quebecois today no
longer feel the same desire for autonomy as their
forebears.