SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT &
REHABILTATION SEMINAR
NATIONAL COUNCIL ON DRUG ABUSE
Understanding Substance of Abuse
Terra Nova Hotel
March 9-10, 2006
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Definitions of
Drugs/Substances
Drugs are substances (sometimes used in the
treatment of illnesses and diseases), which affect,
alter, or change the natural functions of the body.
The Key Terms used in the definition are:
• Substance/s.
• Natural or Synthetic (Man-Made).
• Legal or Illegal.
• Prescribed or Non-Prescribed.
• Alters or changes natural function/s of the body.
• Taken into the body by any means.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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DefinitionsDrug/Substance Abuse
The uncontrolled or unprescribed
use/misuse/abuse of any such substance is
defined as Substance Abuse. The Key
Terms used in the definition are:
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Substance/s. Drug/s.
Misuse. Abuse. (Use)
Unnatural. Unprescribed.Wrong.
Alter or change natural body function/s in a
negative way.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Categories of Drugs
(1) Depressants
• Substances (sometimes used to treat
mental or other illnesses) that
depress or slow down the nervous
system e.g.
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Alcohol
Tranquilisers
Sleeping pills(valium)
Heroin.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Categories of Drugs
(2) Stimulants
• Substances that stimulate or
speed up the brain and nervous
system e.g.
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Seasoned Spliff
Amphetamines
Nicotine (tobacco),
caffeine(coffee, tea, Pepsi, etc),
• Cocaine/Crack
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Categories of Drugs
(3) Hallucinogens
• Substances which cause the brain and
the nervous system to produce images
and/or sounds which are not real e.g.
• LSD (lysergic acid diethyl amide)
• PCP (phencyclidine)
• Marijuana/Ganja. (Note: MarijuanaCannabis Sativa- may also stimulate or
depress, and is often placed in a category
of its own)
• Mushroom (to be researched)
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Categories of Drugs
(4) Illegal Drugs
• Those Drugs/Substances whose use
and/or possession is illegal and
punishable by law e.g.
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Marijuana(Ganja)
Crack/Cocaine
Heroin
The sale of Alcohol by to Minors (persons
under 18 yrs).
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Categories of Drugs
(5) Prescription Drugs
• Drugs/Medication whose
use/possession of must be
prescribed by a doctor e.g.
• Tranquilizers (examples to be given)
• Painkillers
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Healthy Active Bodies &
Minds
• Our bodies were created to function in a
“normal” manner, where all the organs in the
body work together in a beautiful, healthy,
and coordinated way to carry out its many
and various processes.
• As a result of this, anything that affects how
one organ or part of the body functions, will
immediately or ultimately affect the entire
system.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Healthy Active Bodies &
Minds
• Drugs, or the broader term Substances,
affects, alters, or changes the natural
processes or functions of the body.
• In the case of certain illnesses or diseases,
the prescribed or controlled use of
Drugs/Substances has wonderful medical
benefits.
• On the other hand, the unprescribed or
uncontrolled use/misuse/abuse of
Drugs/Substances can be extremely
disastrous.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Substances Subject to
Abuse
• It must be noted that ALL Categories as just
outlined are subject to abuse and have been
abused at times to disastrous effects on the
person, their families, and on society on a
whole.
• It therefore means, that no Category, no
matter how seemingly harmless, must be
given full attention in any Awareness &
Prevention Programme.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Youth & Drug Abuse
• Most youths do not consider alcohol,
tobacco, and sometimes marijuana as
drugs.
• 56% of youths between the ages 10-17
years have tried at least one drug.
• The rise in HIV/AIDS and other STI’s
among our youth has direct links to
Drug Abuse.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Causes of/Reasons for
Drug Use/Abuse
These are multi-faceted and relate to:
• The person, e.g.
– heredity,
– psychological problems
• The drug, e.g.
– availability,
– accessibility
• The environment
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Social
Cultural
Economic
Historical Conditions
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Causation
-The Person•
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Curiosity
Inherited Tendencies
Early Influences/Following Examples
Dysfunctional Families
Lack of or Negative Parental Guidance
Inadequate Life Skills
Poor Self Image/Self Esteem
Boredom & Idleness
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Causation
-The Person•
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Desire to feel good/high
Lack of Information
Misinformation/Myths
Feeling of Invincibility
Rebelliousness
Being deceived/tricked into using
Illiteracy
Difficulty Coping with Depression & Stress
Mental Disturbance
Poor Physical Health/Illnesses
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Causation
-The Environment• Economic
– Unemployment
– Lack of Business Opportunities
– Lack of skills/educational qualifications
• Political
– Lack of political will to enforce laws
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Causation
-The Environment• Cultural
– Cultural Acceptance of certain Drugs
– Traditional & Adopted/Imported
Cultural/Religious practices
• Social
– Drugs used for socialisation/relaxation
– Negative influences of Society/Societal Norms
– Poor Physical Environment/Conditions of
living etc
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Causation
-The Drug• Trafficking
• Processing/Manufacturing
• Cost
• Availability
• Accessibility
• Addictive Properties
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A look at
Tobacco
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Tobacco
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Comes from the plant Nicotiana Tabacum
Has been used for centuries
Contains thousands of chemicals
Main Addictive Substance-Nicotine
The Addiction produced by Nicotine is as strong as that
produced by Cocaine or Heroin
Is one of the Legal/Social Drugs
Not widely thought of as a Drug.
Very widely used and socially accepted.
Its manufacturing is a big industry and provides
employment for many.
The manufacturers target Adolescents in their marketing
strategies.
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Tobacco
-Methods of Use• Smoked in cigarettes, as cigars
or in pipes
• Chewed as tobacco
• Sniffed
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Tobacco
-Symptoms of Use• Tobacco Smell/Bad Breath
• Stained teeth
• Stained fingers-over the long
term
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Effects of Tobacco Use
Short Term:
Long Term:
• Faster heart beat
• High blood
pressure
• Dizziness
• Relieves tension
& tiredness
• Lung & Heart
damage
• Lung, mouth, &
throat cancer
• Stomach ulcers
• Reduces sense of
taste & smell
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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A look at
Alcohol
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Alcohol
• Integral part of the slave system and the
sugar economy
• Alcohol is a byproduct of sugar cane
• Slaves were frequently given alcohol as part
of their “diet”
• Interwoven with the history, culture and
social system
• Socially & legally accepted drug (except for
those under 18 yrs)
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Alcohol
Scientific name is ethyl alcohol
Street names are:
• Booze
• Juice
• Brew
• Liquor
• Waters
• John Crow Batty
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Alcohol
-Method of Use• Liquid form only
• Presented in varying strengths to
encourage use, especially among
the young people, e.g.
–Wine coolers
–Light beers
–Tonic/stout
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Alcohol
-Symptoms of Use•
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Smell of Alcohol on the person
Impaired muscle/limbs coordination
Impaired judgment
Slurred, slow speech
Swaggering walk
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Effects of Alcohol Use
Short Term:
Long Term:
• Faster & weaker heart
beat
• Confusion & lack of
concentration
• Sick stomach &
vomiting
• Mood changes quickly
to violence &
depression
• Permanent liver, heart
& brain damage
• Liver cancer
• Stomach ulcers
• High blood pressure
• Alcoholism
• Death from overdose
• Death from road and
other accidents
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A look at
Marijuana
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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The History of
-Marijuana• Probably brought to Jamaica in
the 1840’s by migrants
• Grown & used in Jamaica for over
150 years
• Exported illegally for many years
• Illegal, although socially and
culturally acceptable in some
places
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Marijuana
-Characteristics• Green, Brown, or Gray mixture of dried ,
shredded leaves of the hemp
plant(cannabis sativa)
• Contains over 400 chemicals, some
unknown, some harmful, & some
beneficial when extracted, e.g.
– Canasol for glaucoma
– Asmasol for asthma
• Main ingredientTetrahydrocannabinol(THC)-causes some
who use the drug to experience a calm
euphoria(others react differently).
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Marijuana
• Scientific Names
– Cannabis Sativa
– Cannabis Indica
• Street Names
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Ganja, Grass, Spliff
Weed, Weed of Wisdom
Sensimila, Sensi
Joint,
Herb, Caliie, Callie Weed
• Derivative
– Hash, Hash Oil
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Marijuana:
-Methods of use• Dried, crushed, rolled in paper &
smoked
• Smoked in a chalice/pipe/chalwa
• Can be swallowed in solid form
• Eaten in/with food
• Drunk as a tea/beverage
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Marijuana
-Symptoms of Use• Smell of ganja smoke on
clothes/person
• Burns on fingertips
• Neglect of appearance
• Loss of interest in most things
• Loss of motivation
• Possible weight loss/gain
• Change in friends/peers
• Change in sleep patterns
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Effects of Marijuana Use
Short Term
• Feel calm, relaxed &
sleepy
• Faster heartbeat
• Reaction time slows
down
• Throat, mouth, and
lips get dry
• Eyes get bloodshot,
eyesight blurs
• Lose sense of time
• Impaired perception
Long Term
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Heart & Lung damage
Lung cancer
Loss of memory
Lower ability to fight
colds & flus
• Lower sperm count &
movement
• Disrupts menstrual
periods & ovulation
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Seasoned Spliff
• A combination of crack and ganja
– Crack sprinkled on and rolled in
ganja spliff
• Method of Use
– Smoked
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Seasoned Spliff
-Symptoms & Effects of Use• Symptoms & Effects similar to those
of Marijuana and Cocaine usage, in
addition to
– Restlessness
– Anxiety
– Short term high followed by
depression
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A look at
Cocaine &
Crack
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Cocaine
• White powdery substance
• Not indigenous to Jamaica
• Obtained from the Coca Plant which is
found mainly in Bolivia & Peru
• Importation may have started during the
first quarter of the twentieth century (with
the jet set)
• Not grown (although crack is produced) in
Jamaica
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Cocaine & Crack
Street Names
• Coke
• Crack
• White lady
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Cocaine & Crack
-Methods of Use• Crack is produced by “cooking’ cocaine with
baking soda
• It is a more potent and addictive form of
cocaine
• It is cut up in small pieces(rocks) resembling
small lumps of soap with the texture of
porcelain
• Cocaine is
– Snorted or inhaled in its pure form
– Smoked as crack
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Effects of Cocaine/Crack Use
Short term:
Long term:
• Faster heart beat
• Permanent lung
damage
• Blood pressure rises
• Holes & ulcers inside
• Body temperature
of the nose
rises
• Personality changes &
• Breathe faster
violent behaviour
• Can’t sit still or
• Fear of people &
sleep/Restlessness
things(paranoia)
• Become more alert
• See things that aren’t
• Short term high
real (hallucinate)
followed by
• Death from overdose
depression
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• Changes in
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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sleeping/eating habits
A look at
Inhalants
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Inhalants
-Types• Volatile solvents: gasoline, paint
thinners, glue, cleaning solutions.
• Aerosols: spray paints etc.
• Anesthetic agents: chloroform, ether,
oil and grease dissolvers.
• Amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrites: room
and car fresheners.
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Effects of Inhalants
Short Term
Short Term
• Careless about
• Double vision, feel
appearance
dizzy, get bad
• Red or runny eyes or
headaches,
• Sick stomach, nausea, nose
• Speech gets slurred,
loss of appetite
lack of coordination
• Tired feeling, fatigue,
• Sneeze, cough, get
hand tremors
bloody noses
• Slows down body
• Vomiting, diarrhea,
functions
urinate & defecate
• Bad breath, Chemical
without control
odor
• Moody,
restlessness
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• Aggressiveness
Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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• Lack
ofnotconcentration
Effects of Inhalants
Long Term
• Muscle loss, weak
muscles
• Liver, blood and
bone marrow
damage
• Spots or sores
around mouth
Long Term
• Permanent brain,
lung, & kidney
damage
• Deadly when used
with alcohol or
other depressants
• Death by
suffocation
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General Signs & Symptoms of
Drug/Substance Abuse
• Less concern about appearance, sloppy,
unkempt
• Changes in sleeping habits, staying up all
night, sleeping all day, refusal to wake up
• Changes in appetite, increase or decrease,
craving for certain foods, sweets, etc
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Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica.
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Signs & Symptoms of
Drug/Substance Abuse (cont’d)
• Social & emotional changes,
personality, mood swings, etc
• Withdrawal, secretiveness, changes in
friends
• Drop in school performance,
resentment to teachers, skipping school
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What do we do?
• EVERYTHING that we do in life requires us to
make a decision or a choice.
• Our decision making skills are therefore of
extreme importance to our existence, survival,
and success.
• To make an informed choice, we need enough
and correct information, knowledge of the
benefits and consequences of any decision we
make, and how these ultimately affect the
achievement of our objectives and goals.
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