By Noah Levy and Brysonberg

This thing is split up into three sections:
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The Historical Arc of Energy Policy and Development
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Energy and the Environment
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The New Energy Economy
The definitions of all the fancy terms will be throughout the powerpoint at the vocab breaks and on a really fancy page at the very end.
And now, to all the fun stuff

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Starting in the late 1800’s coal replaced wood as the main energy source. I mean, kids would be really bad so that they’d get coal for Christmas and supply energy for their house for the rest of the month (Not really, but imagine).
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Then, Thomas Edison made the lightbulbs, and everybody used them. His motto for them was, and I’m not kidding, “We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles”
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By the late 1880’s there were 121 power stations in the US

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Primary Energy: Energy that we have captured from natural sources (I.E. wind, coal, and solar)
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Secondary Energy: The energy we get when we transform the natural source (I.E. burning coal to get electricity)

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All 121 of these power stations ran on Direct Current (DC is what you built those circuits out of in 5 th grade) until Tesla showed up and made Alternate
Current, which was the most amazing thing around.
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Now this is all fine and dandy, but some 1.5 billion people still didn’t have any electricity.
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Then oil did the thing and became the real MVP.

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So in 1973, there was this oil crisis called the 1973 oil crisis (duh).
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Basically what happened is that Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, and the Israelis fought back.
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When the U.S. Sided with Israel, giving them soldiers and what not, OPEC, the organization that “coordinate oil production policies among the cartel’s members and to serve as a strategic counterpart to the powerful group of private oil companies known as the Seven Sisters,” refused to give oil to the U.S.
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Obviously bad things happened. Things like people waiting in really large lines for the smallest bit of gas possible.

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So in the 1973's-1974's, Richard Nixon was in office and from what I heard before, nobody liked him.
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He set up this oil price control to try to slow down inflation.
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The study guide didn't really say how, but an oil price shock happened, and revealed that his plan was a terrible idea.

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So if you thought that things could get any worse, there was a 1979 Oil
Crisis.
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So in 1979, Iran was the biggest exporter of oil. But then the Iranian
Revolution showed up and became the thing, pretty much destroying Iran’s ability to export oil

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In the 1970’s all these oil crisies made the US think
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So they made a new energy policy that had more renewable energy
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Several events led to the immediate acception of this policy, but the resource guide decided not to say what those reasons are. Good job.

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The gulf war made the US make another energy policy to conserve energy and help the environment.
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Another Energy Act in 2005 didn’t really help, and their attempts to promote energy.

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Congrats! You’ve gotten past the easiest part of this Study Guide!
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Prepare for the next two units-Anything not saved will be lost.

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Not many people really cared about the environment until in the 1960's.
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People would spread the news by writing books like Rachael Carson's Silent
Spring and Paul Ehlich's Population Bomb
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This led to the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970.

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There was a picture taken by Apollo 8 called Earthrise. It was pretty much the symbol for Earth Day.

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At first, it was just a Clean Air Act in 1963. All it did was get research on air pollution.
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But Nixon was apparently really big on the environment, and he made the
EPA in 1970.
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There is also an NEPA, which is totally different that than the EPA (Actually, it is. It's a policy that said how we could protect the environment).

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Federal Pollution Control Act wants to end water pollution
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National Pollution Discharge Elimination System also wants to end water pollution
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1973 Endangered Species Act
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1974 Safe Drinking Water Act. Clearly the government wanted people to stop doing stuff to the water.
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1976 Resource Council and Recovery Act
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1987 Montreal Protocal is meant to eliminate CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons, the fun- to-say
Greenhouse Gas)
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1988 International Panel on Climate Change

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You guys hopefully know how greenhouse gasses work, A little of them are good, while too much is bad.
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Some greenhouse gasses include Water Vapor, CO2, methane, laughing gas, and Ozone.
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In the next 25 years, 85% of this stuff will come from developing countries.
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Also, China recently passed the US in emmisions

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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was formed in 1992 and is pretty much the thing that diplomafies all the climate change stuff.
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Their main goal is to keep greenhouse gasses at a stable level.
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Currently, despite this organization’s obscurity, there are 194 countries in the UNFCCC

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These guys are called Common but Differentiated Responsibility. I don’t really know what their main goal is.
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I do know, though, that they pretty much tell countries to help prevent climate change.
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Environmental organizations confuse me.

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So apparently, this is an entirely different thing than the UNFCCC, even though they started it.
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Unlike the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol is legally binding.
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There are only 192 countries in the Kyoto Protocol. Those not in it include
Russia, Canada, Japan, and the US

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The Protocol divides its countries into two main categories: Annex 1 and
Annex 2
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Annex 1: fully developed countries.
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Annex 2: Developing countries, have lighter regulations than Annex 1

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Renewable Energy is a thing
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Examples of renewable energy are solar, wind, biofuels and geothermal energy.
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The government wants to use lots of renewable energy. They’ve done this by making renewable energy a tax break and have set requirements on how much renewable energy companies need to use.
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However, we are still not using enough energy to have a mass effect on climate change (Huh, mass effect. That should be the name of a game).

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A power grid is a complicated machine that produces power safely and consistently.
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There are 3 major power grids in America: East, West, and Texas.
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These grids have to meet the demand of everybody. That wouldn’t be a problem, but we went all legal on it and added a bunch of laws about restricting power grids.

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Technically, power grids, carrying around electricity, are public utilities.
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Once something is a public utility, it’s prices are regulated by the government.
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There’ll be more on regulation later on.

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Recently, renewable energy has made a climb for power
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But the only problem with renewable energy, like wind and solar, is that the wind isn’t always blowing and the sun isn’t shining
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During the downtime when there is no solar power or wind power, grids have to work extra hard to get stuff done.

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One idea to fix this is a new idea called Smart Power Grids
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What this does is allows two-way communication between consumers and utilities to use energy more efficiently.
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It also handles renewable energy better in order to get more power from it
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Here, we see one harnessing unlimited cosmic power

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Peak demand: How much energy a power grid can use at a certain time
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Demand Shifting: This is pretty much utility companies telling people to use less or more energy at certain points to not go over the peak demand

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Another idea to deal with bad power grids is to store surplus energy for later use.

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Flywheels (Pictured): These thing just spin and store rotational energy. In order to take the energy, they slow it down.
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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): Stores energy as compressed air in a cave. When we need energy, it’s pressed through a high pressure air turbine
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Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS): In the downtime, water is moved from low reservoirs to high up places. When necessary, it runs through a turbine that makes energy
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Capacitors: This is the only one that actually stores electrical energy as an electric charge.
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Batteries: I’m pretty sure these are just mini capacitors
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Electric vehicles: If you guys don’t know that we have electric cars yet, then now yow know that they’re a thing.

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Traditionally, customers are served by “vertically integrated industries.” This fancy talk for companies that own their own generators, transformers, and distributors.
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The other way it’s regulated is by consumers choosing who supplies them energy

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This has to do with how oil is normally formed today, and a minor vocab break
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Source Rock: Rocks from which hydrocarbons have been or are capable of being generated
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Now, oil s normally made when the source rock goes through a specific set of changes. But
Shale Gas is a source of energy that can be obtained straight through the source rock.
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Using both horizontal drilling (Exactly what it sounds like) and Fracking, shale gas can easily be obtained
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Today, shale gas makes up 25% of the U.S. natural gas resources and is expect to be nearly
40% by 2040

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There is going to be a lot of vocab up ahead, and unless something fun happens, it’s going to be unbearably boring.
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So in order to keep things interesting, I’ve taken the liberty of putting a choose your own adventure story into the slides.
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Also, sorry about not having it in the previous versions. Now you can look through your vocab with all your storytelling needs!
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Start:You enter a house, and the door closes as soon as you get in. There is a staircase leading upstairs, a living room, and a pretty cool looking slide. What do you do?
If you go upstairs, read the first selection on the next page.
If you stay in the living room, go to the second selection on the next page.
If you go down the really cool slide, go to the first selection on the slide after the next slide

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Anthropogenic – describes pollutants caused or produced by human activity
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1973 Arab-Israeli War – Also known as the Yom Kippur War and the October War, this war was fought by a coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt and Syria) against
Israel in October 1973.
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Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 – The Arab-dominated Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced an oil embargo on the United States and other nations that provided aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur War of October 1973, which prompted a disruption of the oil supply in the U.S. and other nations dependent on foreign oil.
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Biodiesel – vegetable oil or animal fat-based diesel fuel that can be used alone or blended with petro-diesel
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Biofuels – fuels that are produced from living organisms
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Cap rock – a harder, more resistant rock type that overlays a weaker, less resistant rock type; in the petroleum industry, cap rock is any non-permeable formation that can trap oil, gas, or water.
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) – the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from power plants, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it underground so that it will not enter the atmosphere
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Chernobyl disaster – a nuclear accident that took place at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, (then part of the U.S.S.R.) on April 26,1986, due to an explosion and fire that released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – organic compounds widely used as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents whose manufacture has been phased out bythe Montreal
Protocol (which entered into force in1989) because they contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere
Selection 1: You go upstairs, and you see a bedroom. Before you can decide what to do, somebody gets out of the bed and walks to you. “Hello, I’m the owner of this mansion.” What do you do?
If you greet him like a normal person, go to the second selection on the next slide.
If you ask about the really cool slide, go to the first selection on the slide after the next slide.
Selection 2: You’re sitting in the living room, and you hear a click coming from your left. You look, and it turns out it’s coming from the really cool slide. What do you do?
If you investigate the noise, go to the first selection on the next slide.
If you decide to stay where you are, go to the second selection on the slide after the next slide.

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Clean Air Act – a U.S. federal law passed in 1963designed to control national air pollution
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Clean Water Act (CWA) – a U.S. federal law passed in 1972 that governs water pollution by establishing the goal of eliminating the release of toxic substances into water and ensuring that surface waters meet standards necessary to support human sports and recreation
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Cogeneration – the use of a heat engine to simultaneously generate electricity and use the waste heat; also known as combined heat and power(CHP)
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Combined-cycle – An assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, such that the exhaust of one heat engine is used as the heat source for the other, to produce steam and then electricity
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Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) – fluorescent lamps designed to replace incandescent lamps because they use less electric power, last longer, and produce the same amount of visible light
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund) – enacted by Congress on December
11, 1980, and designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances
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Concentrating solar power – a system that uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area, then converts this light to heat, which drives a heat engine and produces electricity
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Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) – First enacted by Congress in 1975, CAFE regulations are meant to increase the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks sold in the United States.
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DDT – an organochlorine insecticide used in World War II to combat malaria and typhus among civilians and troops; its negative environmental and human health impacts were explored in Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring.
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Demand response – a program that facilitates changes in normal electricity consumption by endues customers in response to changes in the price of electricity, often through incentive payments ,at times of high wholesale market prices, or when system reliability is jeopardized
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Demand shifting – programs that help shift electricity consumption away from hours of peak demand
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Department of Energy – a Cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government that develops policies related to energy and is responsible for the national nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production, energy conservation, energy related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production
Selection 1: You go down the really cool slide, and you land in a ball pit. But somebody has replaced a few of the balls with rocks, and you scrape your knee. What do you do?
If you go looking for a band aid, go to the first selection in the slide after the next slide.
If you decide to complain to whoever you can find, go to the first selection on the previous slide
Selection 2: You say hello, and the man offers you some food.
If you decline, go to the second selection on the slide after the next slide
If you accept, go to Ending Number 1.

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Earth Day – an annual event celebrated on April22nd that is intended to demonstrate support for environmental protection
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“Earthrise” – the name given to a photograph of the earth taken in 1968 during the Apollo 8 mission, touted as the most influential environmental photograph ever taken and used as the primary symbol for the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970
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Electricity market – a system for effecting the purchase, sale, and/or trade of power and energy
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Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) – Passed by the 110th Congress in 2007,EISA’s purpose was to move the U.S. toward greater energy independence and security by increasing the production of renewable fuels; increasing energy efficiency in products, buildings, and vehicles; improving the energy performance of the Federal Government; and promoting research for carbon capture and sequestration.
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Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 – Passed in 1992 by the 102nd Congress, this law set goals, created mandates, and amended utility laws to increase clean energy usage and improve energy efficiency in the United States.
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Energy Policy Act of 2005 – an act that provided tax incentives and loan guarantees for renewable energy and coal and also exempted oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act
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Energy Star – an international standard for energy-efficient consumer products
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Environmental Defense Fund – a nonprofit environmental advocacy group that works on environmental issues, including global warming, ecosystem restoration, oceans, and human health
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – a U.S. federal agency created in 1970 to protect human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
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Ethanol – a volatile, flammable alcohol often used as a motor fuel and fuel additive
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Fossil fuel – any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms
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Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant – the location of a nuclear accident caused by a tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011; it is considered the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl.
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Geothermal energy – thermal energy generated and stored within the earth and used for heating applications in the residential, industrial, and agricultural sectors
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Horizontal drilling – the practice of drilling non-vertical wells to increase the exposed section of the drill and allow more wellheads to be grouped together, reducing surface area disturbance
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Hydraulic fracturing – a technique in which a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand is injected at high pressure into a wellbore to create small fractures in rock, which brings natural gas, petroleum, and brine water to the surface; this process is commonly used in wells for shale gas, tight gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas.
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Hydrocarbons – organic compounds made entirely of carbon and hydrogen; the primary energy source for most nations
Selection 1: “Ah, yes, the really cool water slide. It is the pride of my career. I am a slide builder. I have spent many years doing nothing but building slides, and I love it.
If you ask him to make you one, go to ending 2
If you ask him to teach you how to build one, go to the first selection on the slide after the next one.
Selection 2: You continue to sit in the living room, and the click noise is made again. You realize that somebody is underneath the slide. You go to look, and you see a secret door. What do you do?
If you decide to confront whoever is behind this, go to the first selection in the slide previous to the last slide.
If you go down the trapdoor, go to the second selection on the slide right after this slide.

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Incandescent light bulb – a traditional, less efficient electric light that produces light with a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – an international scientific intergovernmental organization established in 1988 by the
United Nations to provide comprehensive assessments of current scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information about the risks of climate change
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International Energy Agency (IEA) – an intergovernmental organization established in 1974 (in response to the 1973 oil crisis) to act as a policy advisor to its member states
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Iranian Revolution – events in 1978–79 that involved the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty that had been supported by the U.S.and the
United Kingdom
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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) – semiconductor light sources used as indicator lamps in many devices and for general lighting
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Lumens – a measure of the total amount of visible light emitted by a source
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Market deregulation – transition from vertically integrated utilities setting rates for electricity to consumer choice on the basis of competitive prices and products; this process has been slowed or halted in several states, notably California, due to market failures and price gouging that cost consumers and states billions of dollars.
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Montreal Protocol – an international treaty that came into effect on January 1, 1982, and was designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion
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National Energy Act of 1978 – a legislative response by Congress to the 1973 energy crisis; it includes the following statutes: the Public
Utility Regulatory Policies Act, the Energy Tax Act, the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, the Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act, and the Natural Gas Policy Act.
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National Energy Conservation Policy Act – Passed into law in 1978, this Act serves as the foundation of most current energy requirements and is the underlying authority for Federal energy management goals and requirements.
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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) – a 1970 U.S.environmental law that established a national policy of protecting the environment and created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Selection 1: You decide to look for a band aid and hear a noise from behind the slide. You then notice a staircase. What do you do?
If you decide to see what the noise is, go to the second selection on the next slide.
If you decide to go up the staircase, go to the first selection on the slide after the next slide.
Selection 2: The man is disturbed by your refusal to eat food and takes you downstairs.
Go to ending 3

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Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – a nonprofit international environmental advocacy group established to seek sustainable policies fromfederal, state, and local governments, as well as from industry and corporations
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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – an intergovernmental organization formed in 1960 whose mission is to coordinate the policies of oil-producing countries, and secure a steady income for the member states and a supply of oil for its consumers; its current member states include Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and
Venezuela.
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Peak demand – In the energy sector, peak demand is a period in which electricity is expected to be provided for a sustained amount of time at a significantly higher than average supply level.
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Peak oil – the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached
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Permeable – allowing liquids or gas to flow through (e.g., the extent to which air or water can flow through a rock or earth material)
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Petrochemicals – chemical products derived from petroleum
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Photovoltaics (PV) – a method of generating electricity by converting solar radiation (sunlight) into direct current electricity using semiconductors
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Policy – a principle or course of action to guide decision-making
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Porous – having small holes or spaces (in a rock or other material) that allow air or liquid to pass through
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Price controls – governmental restrictions on the price that can be charged for goods and services in a market in order to maintain affordability, prevent price gouging, and slow inflation
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Progressive Era – a period between the 1890s and the 1920s in the U.S.that was marked by a desire for political reform and a push for efficiency
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Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) – Passed as part of the National Energy Act, PURPA helped enable some domestic renewable energy use by forcing electric utilities to buy power from non-traditional power producers.
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Public utility – an organization that maintains the infrastructure necessary to provide a public service, such as electricity, that is often regulated by a public utilities commission
Selection 1: The man is intrigued by your proposal. Then he lets out a smile. “I’m glad you decided to take up a worthy career.” But then, you notice an open window, which leads to escaping the mansion. What do you do?
If you decide to stick with slide building, go to ending 3.
If you jump out of the window, go to the first selection on the next slide.
Selection 2: You investigate the noise, and find a room. When you open the door, you hear a loud creak and find that the room only has a bed, and a kid. He is grateful to see you and hopes that you’re here to help him escape.
Then you hear footsteps.
If you decide to hide in the room, go to ending 4
If you try to escape, go to the second selection on the next slide

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Public utility commission (PUC) – a governing body that regulates the rates and services of a public utility
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Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA) – PUHCA was passed to regulate electric utilities by either limiting their operations to a single state or by forcing divestitures so that each became a single integrated system limited to a single state.The Energy Policy Act of 2005 repealed PUHCA in its entirety.
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Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) – Created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and strengthened by the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007, the RFS program requires transportation fuels sold in the U.S.to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels.
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Renewable Portfolio Standard – a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) – Enacted in 1976, this is the principal U.S.federal law that governs the disposal of solid and hazardous waste.
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Quad – A quad is a unit of energy commonly used in energy analysis.A quad, technically, is a unit of energy equal to 1015
British Thermal Units (BTUs)—another commonly used unit of energy.A single BTU is the amount of energy required to heat or cool one pound of water by a single degree Fahrenheit.So a quad is a significant amount of energy.In 2009, the
U.S.used only about 97 quads of energy.
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Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) – Passed in 1974, the SDWA is a federal law that required the Environmental Protection
Agency to set and enforce standards for drinking water quality for the public.
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Seven Sisters – a term coined in the 1950s to describe the seven oil companies that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s
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Shale gas – natural gas that is trapped within shale—fine-grained sedimentary rock—formation
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Silent Spring – Written by Rachel Carson in 1962, this widely read book documented the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds
Selection 1: You’ve made it out. It’s just you. You run out in the open field, following a path. The path forks in two.
If you go to the left, go to the first selection in the next slide.
If you go to the right, go to ending 5
Selection 2: You’ve made it out. It’s just you and this kid. You run out in the open field, following a path. The path forks in two.
If you go to the left, go to the second selection in the next slide
If you go to the right, go to ending 6

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Small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) – SMRs are a new nuclear power plant design with an output of less than 300
MW; they are considered more efficient and secure than traditional nuclear power plants.
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Smart grid – a modernized electric grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information in an automated fashion to improve efficiency, reliability, and security
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Source rock – rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated
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Spot market – a market in which commodities such as oil or natural gas are traded for immediate delivery; this is in contrast to futures markets in which such commodities are traded for delivery sometime in the future.
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Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) – an emergency oil supply maintained by the U.S.Department of Energy
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Supermajors – Also known as “Big Oil,” supermajors is a term used to describe the world’s five or six largest publicly owned oil and gas companies; these include BP, Chevron Corporation, ExxonMobil Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell, Total
SA, and ConocoPhillips Company.
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Three Mile Island – The site of a partial nuclear meltdown that occurred in one of the two nuclear reactors in Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979, it is considered the worst accident in U.S.nuclear power plant history.
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Unconventional hydrocarbon resource – hydrocarbon reservoirs that have low permeability and porosity and are therefore difficult to exploit; examples include tight gas, coalbed methane, shale gas, shale oil, and tar sands
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Wind power – the conversion of wind kinetic energy into either mechanical energy or electricity
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Wind turbine – a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy to produce electricity
Selection 1: You go left, and you see a house. You are bound by curiosity, and decide to go in.
Go back to the start
Selection 2: You go left, and you see a house. You want to go in and see what it’s about, but the kid is warning you not to go in.
If you go in, read the above selection.
If you move on, go to ending 7

Ending 1: He begins making some food, and ask about drinks. “We have water, milk, juice, spiders, Dr. Pepper…”
“Spiders?”
“Spiders it is then.”
“No, that wasn’t-”
But he was already pouring you a glass filled with spiders. He made you drink a glass of spiders. Oh no.
Ending 2: The slide builder asks if you have the money to buy a slide. You ask how much they cost, and he says that he has one on sale for $20. You accept, and he brings out a slide that is like, five inches tall. He gives it to you and says, “Congratulations. You are now the proud owner of a slide for ants.”
Ending 3: The man opens a trapdoor by the really cool water slide and pushes you in. You gather your new surroundings, and see another person. “You said no too, didn’t you?”
He asks. He then hands you a cup. “Care for some spiders?”
Ending 4: You hide in the room, and you feel something on your side. You look, and it’s a gun. When the source of the footsteps approaches, your first instinct is to shoot him.
You find out he is dead and you have inherited the slide mansion. You order it to be demolished, except for the slide, which you keep and build a park around it.
Ending 5: You run. Just keep on running. When suddenly, you trip, like nearly every single protagonist in a horror movie, and fall in a pit trap. You’re stuck here, and have to survive down here.
Ending 6: You guys run. But then the kid warns you about something. “Watch out, there’s a pitfall up ahead. That’s how he got me.” You make it out alive.
Ending 7: You keep on going, deciding that the kid is right and not letting any obstacles in your way. Suddenly, there is a fog. You run through it, and you’re back in the normal world. You’ve made it.