Objective 3
Interdependence of Living Organisms
Predator and Prey
Prey are the animals that are eaten as a
food source for the . . .
Predator This is the hunter animal. The
population of the predator must be less
than the prey or they do not have enough
food.
To increase the predator population
you could do what?
24 Which of the following is most
likely to cause increases in a
predator population?
Biomes
Biotic and abiotic factors
• Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it.
• Abiotic – Nonliving things such as soil type,
rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.
Biotic vs Abiotic
Bio -means life
These are things that are alive
or was alive
Abiotic – means not alive
These are nonliving objects and
never was alive
What are they referring to?
• Biosphere – The entire
area of the planet that
supports life.
• Biome – An area defined
by specific abiotic and
biotic factors.
• Community – The groups
of living things in an area
and how they relate.
Temperate Desert
Forest
Name
Tundra
Grasslands
the
Biome
Tropical
Tiaga
Rainforest
A scientist has hypothesized that the
existence of life on Mars is likely because
Mars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide.
36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide?
H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide
in the Martian atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been
validated?
Ecology – The study of the
relationships among living things
Living organisms have many types of
relationsips:
• 1. Mutualism
• 2. Symbiosis
• 3. Parasitism
• 4. Commensalism
• See next slides for examples
Mutualism
Mutualism- when both are helped
Symbiosis
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between
two living things.
Parasitism
When one is helped
and the other is
harmed it is called
parasitism
Commensulism
• Commensulism-when one is helped and
there is no effect on the other
Commensulism . . .
Orchids live high in
tree-tops on the
branches of large
trees.
They do not harm the
tree, but they are
helped by being
raised up into the
sunshine and
receiving water.
Mutualism . . .
Sharks are cleaned by
a little fish known
as a Remora. The
shark never eats
them since they
clean bacteria off of
the shark. Since
both species are
helped, this is
mutualism.
Parasites . . .
Parasites harm or
kill the host. A
good example is
a tape worm. It
intercepts all of
the hosts food,
causing the host
to starve to death.
Parasites of dogs
35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
protection from predators by sheltering
themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and
can potentially scare off predators of sea
anemones. This relationship is an example of -A neutralism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
B mutualism YES=both are helped, it is of mutual benefit
C parasitism Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
D commensalism
Means only one is being helped and the relationship has no
effect on the other – also incorrect
What is helped?
Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of:
All energy on the earth comes
from the sun.
Photosynthesis and Respiration
In plants
In animals/people
Producer
• Plants- they produce energy from sunlightthis energy is passed on to consumers who
eat the plants
Consumers
3rd Order onsumers
animals that eat
other animals, they
are also known as
carnivores
2nd Order Consumers eat only
Herbivores and are called
carnivores.
1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are
also called herbivores.
Food Chain – One of many feeding
relationships in a community
• Arrows the direction
of energy flow.
• This is not the only
feeding relationship
for these organisms.
• When several or all of
the food relationships
are shown it’s a . . .
Food web
Food Webs
• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the
direction of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain
is a plant. These are the only things that can
turn sunshine into food.
Food Web
18 Energy used by producers in a
grassland food web is provided byF sunlight
This is a process, not
an energy source.
G photosynthesis
H and J are elements
which are types of
matter, not energy.
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
So our answer should
be:
F
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same Trophic
trophic level
level
because they —
Means 1st ,
A both live on land
2nd or 3rd
B are both large mammals
Order
C both eat primary consumers
Consumer
D have similar hunting patterns
Since the Gulls are at the
top of the food web, they
would have the highest
accumulation of everything
but energy.
37 Which of these groups of
organisms would most likely
have accumulated the largest
concentration of a long-lasting
chemical pollutant in their
bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
Energy Diagrams
At one end of the diagram are plants.
They are called producers since they
are capable of turning sunlight into
food by photosynthesis. They pass
10% of the energy they absorb to
animals that eat them.
10% Energy Rule – Only 10% of the energy
moves up to the next tropic level.
Decomposers
The rest of the energy is used for movement, body functions
and keeping warm
If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of
43 Approximately how much
the 1000 kcal of the plant is
of the energy available in the
consumed or 100 kcal, and 10%
tissues of the producer is
of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of
eventually incorporated into
the original 1000kcal, but only 3
the tissues of a secondary
kcal is available to the tissues so
consumer?
it is A.
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
Consumer
Predator
• Eat other animals- hunters
Prey
• Get eaten by another animal
Population (100s)
Predator and Prey Relationship
Time (months)
Prey
Predator
• The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not
have enough food. More prey means more food for predator = more
predator reproduce = more prey eaten= less food = less predators….etc
• To increase the predator population you could do what?
more prey
24 Which of the following is most likely
to cause increases in a predator
population?
Reduces available food – Nope!
F Fewer prey
G A reduction in competition
H More parasites
J A period of drought
CORRECT
Less predators, they would be sick or dying!
Less predators and prey, they’d be gone
looking for water!
Population (100s)
Carrying Capacity
Time (months)
P rey
P redat or
• This is the maximum number of a specific
population that an area can support with enough
food and living requirements. It is shown by a
line on population graphs for a specific species.
Carry capacity
• Example- a lot of baby rabbits are born so
there is a lot of food for the wolves. The
wolves therefore have many cubs survive.
The cubs eat most of the rabbits and tn
some starve to death. The rabbits then have
more survive and breed more babies. The
wolves have more food ……etc
How it works
all together
Evolution:
The process of change over time.
• There are natural variations in all populations.
• As climate changes occur, and as pressures in
terms of food, space, shelter and predation
occur, some variations allow a species to
survive.
• The members who survive, reproduce causing
the change to become a characteristic of the
species.
Adaptations
• Plants and animals change over time in
order to adapt to their environment. This
change allows them to survive and to
reproduce.
• The change can be fast, as in a chameleon
changing colors, (structural) to hide from
predators, or it can be very slow
(evolution)
Homologous vs. Analogous Structures
• Homologous means they • Analogous means they
have the same origin, but
have the same function but
may be different now.
come from different
origins.
• Example, the upper arm
bones in dogs, cows, cats • Example, bird wings and
and monkeys.
wings of bats.
Speciation:
Separation into new species.
• Geographic isolation
can cause two
different natural
variations to become
prominent causing 2
separate species.
• Reproductive isolation
can have the same
effect.
Speciation of finch
What is extinction and what causes it?
• A population is extinct when the last of that species is
dead.
• Example: There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When
they no longer have what they need to live, they die.
Fossils
• These are imprints or
remains of living things.
• In undisturbed layers of
sedimentary rock, the
deeper it is, the older it
is.
• Give us information
about extinct species.
2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it
would be most successful at —
F competing with
birds
G making its own
food
H hiding from
predators
J running very
rapidly
And the answer is?
• H hiding from predators.
• Its not a plant, so it can’t
make food.
• It has no wings, so it can
not compete with birds.
• Although it has long
legs, it doesn’t seem
balanced for running.
Water Cycle
• Precipitation (rain
and snow) fall on
plants and ground.
• Plants respire and
evaporate water
back into clouds.
• The ground filters
the water run-off
into the lakes
where it
evaporates again.
Uses of water
21 The diagram
shows physical
changes that
occur in the water
cycle. Which of
these shows
condensation?
A Q Precipitation
B R Run Off of
ground water
C S Evaporation
DT
Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis
• Glucose that contains carbonC6H12O6 is produced by plants, then
eaten by animals.
• Cellular Respiration
• Animals and plants exhale CO2
which is taken in by plants to make
glucose
• You are mostly made of Carbon
36 Which question is valid in
testing this hypothesis?
F Do most other scientists
agree with the hypothesis?
G Could abiotic processes
account for the carbon
dioxide?
H What is the percent of
argon compared to carbon
dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere?
J Have the scientist’s other
predictions about Mars
been validated?
When testing an hypothesis,
there should be only one
variable changed at a time. If
this is not possible, then all
possible reasons for an
outcome need to be
considered. In this case,
carbon dioxide can be
produced by chemical
reactions other than cellular
respiration, which is a biotic
process. That is why answer
G is the best answer.
Nitrogen Cycle
• Plants must have Nitrogen
• Lightening and bacteria “fix”
Nitrogen into a form usable by
plants.
• It is absorbed by plant
• Used to build amino acids for
building proteins, enzymes and
the nitrogen bases of DNA.
Nitrogen Cycle
Rock Cycle
Pollution
• Pollution is the introduction of
contaminants into a natural environment
that causes harm to the ecosystem.
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• More than 90% of
fresh water is locked
in ice at the polar
caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh
water is polluted by
land run-off, dumping
of wastes and excess
heat directly into
lakes, oceans and
rivers.
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• SMOG is air pollution – some causes are fumes
from cars and factories.
• It can be dangerous to breath the air in some big
cities
Greenhouse effect
Global warming, also called
the Greenhouse Effect is
caused by excess burning of
fossil fuels (gasoline)
Destruction of our oxygen
producing protist in the
oceans, and deforestation on
land.
Less plants means less
oxygen and more CO2.
Deforestation
• Cutting down the trees in the
forest.
• Trees are natural filters that
clean air and provide oxygen.
• Forest provide homes to
animals. Many animal species
are now extinct because we
destroyed there homes.
Conservation
To protect and preserve
the environment
Use natural resources wisely
Conserve water
You need clean air to breath
Provide natural homes for animals
What is the phrase for
ecology?
• Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
54 Which of these activities can help
conserve natural resources?
F Recycling cardboard
boxes
G Washing small loads of
laundry
H Driving large cars
J Building wooden fences
Yes! Recycle!
Not saving water!
Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees
that give oxygen and
clean air!
Good job guys!
•END