Chemistry 1 Revision: C4 Crude Oil, Alkanes, Fractional distillation, Pollution, Alternative Fuels
Task 1: Use the revision guide to produce a mini mind map or bullet point summary for the following key areas
on this topic. Task 2: Practise past questions and assess using the mark scheme
carbon catalyst condense cool cracking
heated higher
hydrogen longer lower mixture shorter smaller temperatures
vaporises
Crude oil is a m……………………….. of hydrocarbons of different chain lengths.
Hydrocarbons contain the elements h………………………………. and c………………………..
Fractional distillation: label the diagram to show where the temperature is
high and low, and the length of the hydrocarbon chain
Chain length: ________
Temperature: ________
acidic acid rain blood carbon dioxide carbon
monoxide carbon particulates global dimming
global warming oceans oxidised oxygen smog
When fuels burn energy is released:
Complete combustion: fuels burn in a plentiful supply of
oxygen
Hydrocarbon + o……………………. → c…………………… + water
d………………….
Incomplete combustion: fuel burns in insufficient oxygen
producing c…………… m…………………. and c…………. p…………………….
Hydrogen and carbon in the fuel are o………………………….
Complete the table to show the effects of gases released
into the air when a fuel burns:
Pollutant
Effects
carbon dioxide
increases g……………….. w………………………
o……………….. become more a………………
carbon monoxide
Temperature: ________
Chain length: ________
Explain how crude oil is separated into fractions:
1. crude oil is h………….…………and v…….…………………….
2. as vapours rise up the fractionating column they c………… and c…..……………………
3. fractions are mixtures of different chain lengths so vapours c………………………
at different t……………………………
Describe how properties of the fractions change as chain length (number of
carbon atoms) increases:
…………….…………. boiling point …………..….………. viscosity …………...……….… flammability
Long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller more useful molecules
reduces the amount of o………………….
carried by the b………………………
sulfur dioxide
a………………. r……………….
Nitrogen oxides
a………………. r……………….
s………………
particulates
(solid carbon)
g……………………. d………………………….
Alternative fuels: hydrogen
dangerous energy expensive hydrogen
large oxygen store water
by c……………………………..:
Complete the word and symbol equations:
1. long chain fraction is h…………………… and v……………………………….
H……………………….…….. + o…………………………….. → w………………………
2. vapours pass over a c………………………
3. products are s……………….. chains / s…………………. molecules containing fewer
carbon atoms
Alternative fuels: biodiesel and bioethanol (made from plant oils)
absorption biodegradeable carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
energy food habitat land nitrogen oxides photosynthesis
renewable sulphur dioxide
waste vegetable oil
Advantages
Disadvantages
R……………………….: can be made from
w………… v………………………. o…….... and
fats so conserves crude oil reserves
Large areas of l………... needed to
grow fuel crops – can create
f…………. shortages
Deforestation to plant fuel crops
leads to
Carbon neutral: plants absorb carbon
dioxide during p………………………………
……..H2
+
O2
Burning biofuels produces less
c……………….. d……………………. by trees
Burning biofuels releases more
c…………… m…………………. particulates
n……………………. o…………… and less
and s…………… d……………………
e…………….. than fossil fuels
b…………………………………….
Disadvantages
Releases more e……………….
(per gram) than fossil
fuels
No harmful gases
e…………………………………….
produced – only w…………….
Not available in l…………….
quantities
Explosive / d……………………
Difficult to s…………………..
Draw and label the following structures:
methane
ethane
General formula for an alkane:…………………………………………
Alkanes are saturated / unsaturated because the molecule has a strong
single / double covalent between the carbon atoms
………H2O
Advantages
 loss of h……………………
 Less a…………………………… of
→
propane