Journal #2
• What was the greatest
invention that changed
the world?
– what do you think it
takes to make such an
invention?
• Was the Industrial
revolution a blessing or
disaster?
– Explain your answer
The Industrial
Revolution
A Major Change
agrarian
handmade goods
rural
industrial
machine-made
goods
urban
Revolutionary Changes in…
•
•
•
•
patterns of work
social class structure
standard of living
int’l. balance of power
Where? When? What?
Britain
1780s
textiles
Timeline – Events around IR
Growth of Atlantic economy
Agricultural Revolution
IR Begins
1650
1700
1720
1780s
1790
Pop. Boom
Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade
1815
1850
Timeline – the IR
IR begins in Britain
Standard of living
 after 1850
1780s
1815
1820s
1830
Labor Movement/Legislation
IR reaches the Continent
1850
CAUSES: WHY BRITAIN?
Brochure
• 50 points
• Top 5 Things needed to industrialize (25)
– Small paragraph (5) explaining why for each
• 5 pictures (printed out) (10)
– To show an example of your top 5 reasoning
• Format (10)
– In color (3)
– Typed (3)
– 8x11 page paper Minimum (3)
• Name of your company (1)
– What your company does- small explanation (5)
– Small paragraph explaining why you should industrialize (5)
Journal # 3
• Pick 1 of the following and
describe what you know
about the book and how
you think it relates to
history
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Grimm’s Fairy tale
Frankenstein
Jane Eyre
The Three Musketeers
Dracula
Les Miserables
Wuthering heights
Journal #4
You may work with
a partner
• Please label the following and
tell me what it is
• 1. Bo-Bo
• 2. Ashpan
• 3. Caboose
• 4. Dead mans handle
• 5. Embankment
• 6. facing
• 7. Gandy dancer
• 8. Hotbox
• 9. infill station
• 10. jerk a lung or get a knuckle
Why Britain?
1. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment created
culture of progress and research
2. strong cottage industry (proto-industrialization)
3. colonial empire provided raw materials & a large
market for finished goods
4. Agricultural Revolution …
a.
created a large landless, wage-seeking labor force
b.
lowered food prices   $ to buy manufactured goods
5. natural resources & infrastructure …
a.
b.
rivers & canals
iron & coal
Why Britain?
6. sound financial system:
a. strong central bank
b. well-developed credit markets
7. government support
a. stable (vs. France!)
b. high taxes  $ for strong navy (protect
commerce) & army (suppress worker uprisings)
c. protective tariffs (ex. Navigation Acts)
d. no domestic tariffs
Canals
TECH INNOVATIONS & EARLY
FACTORIES (GB TEXTILE INDUSTRY)
Textile Industry 1st!
cottage industry could not meet growing demand
spinning & weaving inventions
textile factories
New Raw Material: Cotton
Spinning Invention #1
James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1765)
Spinning Invention #2
Richard Arkwright – Water Frame (ca. 1770)
Spinning Invention #3
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule (1779)
Weaving Invention
Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom (1785)
Early British textile factories –
the good and the bad
Pros
Cons
1. cotton goods cheaper
2. est. GB’s industrial
might
1. terrible working
conditions
2. relied heavily on child
labor
 In 1831 textiles accounted
for >1/5 of GB’s industrial
output
Cripples from factory work, London 
“the IR’s most fundamental advance in technology”
THE STEAM ENGINE
The Energy Problem
• pre-industrial power
sources were insufficient
• 18th c. Europeans relied
mainly on wood for
energy, and there was a
shortage.
– due to Ag. Rev. (forests into
fields)
– important for heat & ironmaking
The Energy Solution
• STEAM ENGINE
– Thomas Savery (1698)
– Thomas Newcomen
(1705)
**JAMES WATT (1769)**
Watt’s Engine
Raw material: COAL
Importance of the Steam Engine
The steam engine was “the Industrial
Revolution’s most fundamental advance in
technology. For the first time in history,
humanity had … almost unlimited power at
its disposal.” (McKay 11e, 655)
•Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**,
steamships, railroads
Iron Industry Boom
major developments:
1.new fuel: coke, a coal derivative
(ca. 1710)
2.steam-driven bellows (1770s)
3.Henry Cort’s puddling furnace
(1780s)
Puddlers at work
“Iron became the cheap, basic,
indispensable building block of
the economy.” (McKay)
STEAM-POWERED
TRANSPORTATION
Railroads
George Stephenson – Rocket (1829)
24 mph!!!
Railroads
• 1830= 100 miles of rr
• 1852=6600 miles of rr
• Factors enabling RRs:
– iron  strong rails
– steam engine 
locomotive
Consequences of the Railroad
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
↓ shipping cost & uncertainty
Diet (railway could now ship milk and frozen meat)
larger markets  larger factories  cheaper goods (economies of
scale)
expanded labor market (huge demand for unskilled labor to build
RRs)
change in social values: new obsession with power & speed
1. Being on time / rail time
2. Travel available to middle class
1. Access to spas, casinos, sea side resorts (previously only to
princes & nobels)
Railroad terminology incorporated into teaching alphabet , board
games, paintings, puzzles
Railway stations center of urban activity
Environmental cost (smog from iron and soot)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Journal #4 answers
1. Bo-Bo: A locomotive with a four-wheel per truck configuration, each individually
powered, as opposed to a six-wheel "Co-Co" configuration.
2. Ashpan: A feature of a locomotive which has the some form and purpose as the
domestic variety (i.e. to collect the ashes which fall through the bars of the grate).
3. Caboose: A railroad car attached usually to the end of a train, in which railroad workers
could ride and monitor track and rolling stock conditions.
4. Dead mans handle: A safety mechanism on a train controller which automatically
applies the brake if a lever is released. It is intended to stop a train if the driver is
incapacitated. In some forms, this device may be pedal-actuated.
5. Embankment: A raised pathway on which rail tracks are placed to maintain a shallow
gradient when passing over depressions in the terrain
6. facing: A turnout that can select which way to diverge a train—the opposite of trailing
7. Gandy dancer: A track maintenance worker
8. Hotbox: An axle bearing that has become excessively hot due to friction
9. infill station: A train station built on an existing passenger line to address demand in a
location between existing stations
10. jerk a lung or get a knuckle: To break a train in two, usually by shearing the knuckle
pin in a coupler, often caused by the application of excessive head end power at startup
Shorter Journeys
“The Great Land Serpent”
Monet’s Gare St. Lazare (1877)
Turner’s Rain, Steam and Speed (1844)
Crystal Palace – Interior Exhibits
Steamships
The first commercial steamboat (traveled the Hudson)
GB: “Workshop of the world”
Statistics
• Produced:
– 2/3 of the world’s coal
– ½ of the world’s iron and cotton
– 20% of the world’s industrial goods in 1860
(vs. 2% in 1750)
• Huge growth, 1780-1851:
– GNP x4
– pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.)
INDUSTRIALIZATION BEYOND GB
Per Capita Levels of Industrialization,
1750-1913
1750
1800
1830
1860
1880
1900
1913
GB
10
16
25
64
87
100
115
Belgium
9
10
14
28
43
56
88
US
4
9
14
21
38
69
126
France
9
9
12
20
28
39
59
Germany
8
8
9
15
25
52
85
A-H
7
7
8
11
15
23
32
Italy
8
8
8
10
12
17
26
Russia
6
6
7
8
10
15
20
China
8
6
6
4
4
3
3
India
7
6
6
3
2
1
2
Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization
in Great Britain in 1900 … how much industrial product was available, on average, to each
person in a given country in a given year.
Data Analysis
1. 1750 – all countries close together
2. by 1800 – GB gained big lead
3. nat’l. variations in timing & extent
– Belgium 1st
4. Western nations (+ Japan)  industrial levels
vs. non-Western nations 
Why did the Continent lag until 1815?
Battle of Waterloo
The Continent in 1815
CHALLENGES
ADVANTAGES
1. GB goods already
dominant
2. tech. too complicated
3. pricey to invest
4. laborers resisted move
to factories
1. strong tradition of
cottage industry w/
experienced merchant
capitalists & skilled
artisans
2. borrow existing tech.
3. strong independent
gov’ts. (vs. nonwestern
nations)
The Continent vs Britain
France
• Wars, Revolution,
Napoleonic Period slowed
econ. Growth
• Population slow growing
– Inheritance being for all kids =
less kids
• Lack of investors due to
Banking
• Less natural resources
• Lack of transportation
• Agricultural development
slower
– Southern France geography
Germany
• Multiple independent states
(not united)
• Virtual monopolies/guilds
over products
• Revolutions of 1848 halted
econ. Growth
• Harvest failure
Spain
-Lack of transportation
-Laws that didn’t support
investments
-Financial crisis of 1846
Agents of Continental Industrialization
1. skilled workers
2. entrepreneurs
3. governments
– protective tariffs
– funded building of RRs, canals, roads
4. banks
– limited liability
– ex. Crédit Mobilier
Economic Nationalism
Friedrich List, National System of
Political Economy (1841)
• anti-free trade
• pro-protective tariff
“An individual, in promoting his own interest, may
injure the public interest; a nation, in promoting the
general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its
members.”
IR Outside W. Europe
• IR did hit US and Japan
• some countries started industrialization,
didn’t complete it: ex. Russia, Egypt
• European colonies and former colonies
suffered (couldn’t compete w/ cheap
European industrial goods, so not only didn’t
industrialize, but also saw broader destruction
of their economies) – ex. India (textile industry
destroyed), Latin America and Africa (came to
rely on cash crops)
The “Second Industrial Revolution”
(1860-1914)
• steel
• chemicals
• oil
•
•
•
•
electricity
planes, cars, subs
telephone, telegraph
movies, radio
Consequences of the Industrial
Revolution
Was the Industrial Revolution a
blessing or a disaster?
Data Collection
1. Get into groups of 7 (one reading per person)
2. Make a T-chart with “blessing” on one side and
“disaster” on the other.
3. Collect data to fill in the T-chart. Use
information from:
A. Textbook
B. Documents
4. Aspects of the IR to consider:
A. Multiple groups of people affected by the IR: factory
workers, factory owners, women, children …
B. Multiple aspects of life: living conditions, working
conditions, purchasing power, education …
Thesis Statement
Based on the data you collected, write a thesis
statement to answer the essential question:
Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a
disaster?
Note: Stick to the historical context that we have
studied at this point – roughly 1780 to 1850.
Journal # 6
Write down everything you notice about the
picture. What does it say about how things were?
Continuities on Land
• 2-5% of pop were factory workers
– Worked part-time in fields
• Rural unemployment ↑
– Agricultural wages ↓
– Landless labors soared
• England Landowners begun using threshing
machines (4 grain)
– Hired hands w/o work
– Bread Riots of (1830)
• Protesters would smash
Threshing machines
Captain Swing
Emerged as a mythical figure symbolizing popular justice
Urbanization
• Urbanization of European population
– By 1850 pop of Britain resided in towns
– Further east= fewer & smaller towns
• Industrial suburbs developed
– Policing for the first time
• Living conditions 
–
–
–
–
–
–
Not always connected to water supply
Crimes increased
No waste disposal (trash in the streets)
Shortage of drinking water
Poor air quality
Disease spreads quickly
The Great Stink
Immigration
• Immigration of peasants & unskilled workers (from
marginal agricultural development)
– Usually knew someone or had relatives
– Went to Britain or America (thanks to transportation)
– Mostly Irish
• Due to Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)
• Faced lots of discrimination
– Reflected in Literature
» Often portrayed as villains
Work and Workers
• 12-16 hour shifts for 6 days a week
• Almost no safety features on machinery or
mines
• No government regulation on conditions
• Exposed to toxic chemicals
• Employers often tried to ban traditional
festivals from the city
Work and Workers
• Women employed in many industries
– Got paid less then men
– Dual burden of job & domestic work
• Children work in factories
– Less expensive
– Worked as long as adults
– Compact size useful for fixing or climbing on machinery
• Often lost fingers or died working in factory
– By 1830 youth under 21 made up 1/3 of workforce
(England)
Child Labor
Luddites
• Ned Ludd (could be a legend) was a leader
who led people of England to smash a
thousand stocking-frames that deprived them
of work
– Followers became luddites
Cow Economics
http://www.eureka.edu/emp/jrodrig/webpage/cows.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_have_two_cows
Economic Systems
• Socialism: You have two cows. The
government takes one and gives it to
someone else.
• Communism: You have two cows. The
government takes both of them and evenly
distributes the milk.
• Capitalism: You have two cows. You sell
one and buy a bull.
Journal # 7
• Which economic system
do you believe is the
most fair? Why?
• Which economic system
do you think would
work the best?
• Which economic system
do you like the best?
explain
Socialism
• Pure Socialism: You have two cows. The government
takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's
cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The
government gives you as much milk as you need.
• Bureaucratic Socialism: You have two cows. The
government takes them and puts them in a barn with
everyone else's cows. They are cared for by ex-chicken
farmers. You have to take care of the chickens the
government took from the chicken farmers. The
government gives you as much milk and as many eggs
as its regulations say you should need.
Communism
• Pure Communism: You have two cows. Your
neighbors help you take care of them, and you all share
the milk.
• Russian Communism: You have two cows. You have
to take care of them, but the government takes all the
milk.
• Communism: You have two cows. The government
seizes both and provides you with milk. You wait in line
for your share of the milk, but it's so long that the milk
is sour by the time you get it.
Capitalism
• Capitalism : You have two cows. You lay one
off, and force the other to produce the milk of
four cows. You are surprised when she drops
dead.
• Capitalism : You have two cows. You sell
one and buy a bull. Your herd multiplies, and
the economy grows. You sell them and retire on
the income.
Worksheet
• Answers
DBQ