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Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
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Is located in the chest/thoracic cavity
3 layers of tissue surround the heart
 Endocardium: inside layer
 Myocardium: middle; the thick layer of
muscle whose contractions cause blood
to pump through the circulatory system
 Pericardium: outside of heart; protective
Right and left sides are divided by a
wall or septum
 prevents mixing of “fresh,” oxygen-rich
and “used,” oxygen-deficient blood
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Septum
Heart chambers
Valves
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral/ Bicuspid
Aortic
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Has four chambers
1. right atrium
3. left atrium
2. right ventricle
4. left ventricle
How Blood Flows thru the Heart
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Three types of vessels are used to
move blood through the body in a
closed system
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functions to transport blood away from
the heart to body tissues
all carry oxygen-rich blood,
 one exception- the pulmonary arteries carry
oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs to
receive new oxygen supply
Aorta- largest artery, branches into all
other arteries
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are the smallest blood vessels
are very narrow vessels
are only one cell layer thick; very thin
Connect arterioles to venules
Thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients
to pass through to cells and wastes/
Co2 to enter into capillaries
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function to transport circulated blood
back to the heart
some contain one-way valves
are mostly located near skeletal
muscles
movement aids in keeping blood
circulating
Superior/ Inferior vena cava
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Blood Vessel Game
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1. Pulmonary circulation
2. Coronary Circulation
3. Systemic Circulation
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Is the cycle of blood from
the heart to the lungs and
back to the heart
Blood containing waste
materials is brought back
to the heart by veins
Fresh blood is pumped
out of the heart by
arteries
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Circulated blood enters heart through two large
1)vena cava veins and is deposited into the
2)right atrium
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Right atrium contracts when filled with
circulated blood, pushing blood (tricuspid
valve) into the 3)right ventricle
Filled with blood, the right
ventricle contracts pushing
(pulmonary valve) blood into the
4) pulmonary artery toward the
lungs
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
exchange occurs in the 5) lungs
and the “fresh,” oxygen-rich
blood returns to the heart via
6) pulmonary veins
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Upon return to the heart, “fresh” blood is
pumped into the 7) left atrium via the
pulmonary veins
Blood is then pushed into the 8) left
ventricle through a one-way valve (mitral
valve)
Contractions force the “fresh” blood to exit
the left ventricle into the body through the
9) aorta (systemic circulation)
(aortic valve)
Right side of the heart pumps oxygenpoor blood from the body to the lungs
Left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich
from the lungs to the body
 as might be expected, the left side of the heart
has a larger muscle mass
Should oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich
blood mix, the body would be in serious
danger
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Circulation Song
Rap Circulation Song
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Arteries innermost layer is
very smooth, which allows
blood to flow easily
Very muscular and elastic
Outermost layer is strong,
allowing for high blood
pressures
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Only carry blood away from
the heart
The transport of blood from the left side of
the heart to the actual heart tissue and
back to the right side of the heart
Nourishment for the heart is provided
through capillaries located throughout the
heart
Blood and oxygen also must be supplied
to the heart for it to remain functioning
normally
Aorta coronary arteries capillaries in
myocardium coronary veins coronary sinus
right atrium
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The transport of blood from the left
side of the heart to all parts of the body
and then back to the right side of the
heart
Functions to supply blood and
nutrients to all bodily tissues
Blood is carried away from the heart to
tissues by the aorta
Contractions force blood out of heart
into the aorta, which branches into
many
smaller arteries (arterioles)
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Cardiology
Cardiology is the treatment of cardiovascular
diseases and the physician who
specializes in heart conditions is called a
cardiologist.
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As a result of heart contractions,
blood is forced into blood vessels
Do you know
 this force is known as blood
pressure
what the
– without pressure, there
average
would be no circulation
adult’s
Measured by two numbers
blood pressure
1. systolic- arterial pressure
is?
measured when ventricles
contract
2. diastolic- arterial pressure
measured when ventricles
relax
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is checked with a
stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer.
“Normal” blood pressure is 120/80
High blood pressure is BP greater than
139/89
Diastole: brief period of rest
Systole: ventricular contraction
Right side blood in heart: low in
O2 high in CO2
Left side blood in heart: high in
O2 low in CO2
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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
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Electrocardiogram
EKG, ECG
An EKG is a tracing showing the electrical
activity of the heart.
EKG-12 lead
EKG Findings
A 12 lead EKG shows 12 views of the
heart’s electrical activity.
It shows the heart rate and rhythm and will
show if the person has had a myocardial
infarction previously.
Holter Monitor
This is a portable EKG that is connected to
the pt and left on for 24 hours.
Echocardiogram
This is a test that records sound waves to
show the structure and movement of the
heart.
Echo
Reasons an Echo is done
Abnormal heart valves
Congestive heart failure
Infection of the sac around the heart
Heart murmurs
Infection of the valves of the heart
Looking for the source of a clot
Stress Test
Stress tests can be done to determine if there
is heart disease.
Exercise stress test-Pt is connected to an EKG
monitor and BP cuff and then walks on a
treadmill. This is done to see how long the
heart can tolerate exercise without a change
in rhythm or without showing signs of
ischemia (not enough blood flow to the
heart).
Stress Test
Angiocardiography
Injecting a dye and then performing x-rays.
Called-angiogram, angiocardiogram,
arteriogram, aortogram and veno-gram.
Cardiac Catheterization
Cardiac Catheterization
Catheter is inserted through the femoral
artery and advanced to the heart. During
this procedure, the doctor can take blood
samples, measurements, etc. Often an
angiogram is done at the same time to
check for blockage in the coronary
arteries.
THROMBUS: blood clot
ANEURYSM: ballooning out of, or sac-like
formation on an artery wall; if ruptures,
could cause death
Arrhythmias- abnormal heart rhythms; when something
interferes with the normal electrical conduction pattern
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: ASVD, hardening or thickening of the
arterial wall, resulting in loss of elasticity and contractibility
- aging common cause
- causes high blood pressure (hypertension)
- lead to aneurysm
ATHEROSCLEROSIS: fatty plaque deposited on walls of
arteries, narrowing the opening, reducing or eliminating blood
flow
Angioplasty: used to remove or compress the deposits, or
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insert a stent (pg. 187
Congestive Heart Failure: CHF, heart muscles do not adequately
beat to supply the blood needs of the body.
HEMOPHILIA: inherited disease that occurs almost exclusively
in males. Blood is unable to clot!
HYPERTENSION: High blood pressure
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Heart Attack!
Acute Coronary Syndrome: suspected of having myocardial ischemia
PHLEBITIS: inflammation of a vein, usually leg.
Thrombus- blood clot
VARICOSE VEINS: gnarled (rough), dilated veins
that have lost elasticity and cause stasis, or decreased blood flow.
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Signs and Symptoms
of a Myocardial Infarction
Chest pain-may be described as severe,
crushing pain
Pain may radiate down the left arm, neck
and jaw
May complain of pressure in the chest
Sweaty-diaphoretic
Shortness of breath
Nausea and/or vomiting
Myocardial Infarction
Otherwise known as a “heart attack”
A heart attack occurs when a blockage in
the coronary arteries cuts off the supply of
blood to the heart.
Heart tissue supplied by that coronary artery
dies-this is known as an infarct.
Myocardial Infarction
Treatment
Get the person to the hospital as soon as
possible!
The first hour is the most critical.
If heart stops-CPR should be started
Immediate treatment would be “clot-busting”
drugs
Risk factors for developing
Heart disease
Smoking or long term exposure to 2nd hand
smoke
Poor diet
Stress
Diabetes
Hypertension
High cholesterol or triglycerides
Age-men over 45 and women over 55
Family history of heart disease
Lack of physical activity
Congestive Heart Failure
CHF-inability of the heart to pump enough
blood out when the heart muscles do not
beat adequately; collection of fluid in the
lungs results.
Signs and symptoms-edema (swelling),
difficulty breathing, pallor or cyanosis,
neck vein distension, weak rapid pulse,
and a cough accompanied by pink, frothy
sputum.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the
heart muscle or a change in heart muscle
structure. It is often associated with
inadequate heart pumping or other heart
function problem.
Coronary Artery Bypass
Surgery
A vein from another part of the body is often
used as a graft to bypass an arterial
blockage.
Saphenous vein and the mammary arteries
are commonly used as grafts for this
procedure.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Heart Transplant
Surgically implanting a heart from someone
who just died into a person whose heart is
diseased and cannot sustain life.
Valve Replacement
Surgical replacement of one of the heart’s
valves.
Pharmacology
Vasodilators-dilate veins, arteries, and
coronary arteries; used to treat angina, MI
and CHF.
Diuretics-promote removal of water by the
kidneys to decrease BP and relieve
swelling.
Lipid-lowering drugs-reduce triglyceride and
cholesterol levels.
Anticoagulants-(anticlotting)-also, called
blood thinners. Reduce proteins involved
in blood clotting so clots cannot form as
7. What is the pericardium?
8. The right and left halves of the heart are
divided by the ____________.
9. What are the four chambers of the heart?
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10. The three types of vessels used to
transport blood throughout the body are
_________, ________ and ______.
11. What type of blood vessel carries blood
away from the heart?
12. What is pulmonary circulation?
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13. What is the aorta?
14. How is blood pressure measured?
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