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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
• Ribosomes
• Cell Inclusions and Storage Granules
• Carboxysomes
• Magnetosomes
• Gas Vesicles
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
Ribosomes
• All prokaryotes have 70S (where S=Svedberg units) ribosomes while eukaryotes
contain larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol. The 70S ribosome is made up of a
50S and 30S subunits.
• Ribosomes play a key role in the catalysis of two important and crucial biological
processes. peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis.
• Ribosomes are tiny spherical organelles that make proteins by joining amino acids
together. Many ribosomes are found free in the cytosol, while others are attached
to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Peptide synthesis by a ribosome.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
Cell Inclusions and Storage Granules
• Sulfur granules are especially common in bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an
electron source.
• When genes from one organism are expressed in another, the resulting protein
sometimes forms inclusion bodies.
• Many bacteria store excess carbon in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates or
glycogen.
Electron Micrograph of the Rabies Virus.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
Carboxysomes
• Carboxysomes are proteinaceous structures resembling phage heads in their
morphology and contain the enzymes of carbon dioxide fixation in these
organisms.
• Carboxysomes are made of polyhedral protein shells about 80 to 140 nanometres
in diameter.
• These organelles are found in all cyanobacteria and many chemotrophic bacteria
that fix carbon dioxide.
Electron Micrograph of a carboxysome
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
Magnetosomes
• Magnetosomes contain 15 to 20 magnetite crystals that together act like a
compass needle to orient magnetotactic bacteria in geomagnetic fields, thereby
simplifying their search for their preferred microaerophilic environments.
• The particle morphology of magnetosome crystals varies, but is consistent within
cells of a single magnetotactic bacterial species or strain.
• Each magnetite crystal within a magnetosome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer.
Specific soluble and transmembrane proteins are sorted to the membrane.
Magnetotactic bacteria are major constituents of
many natural microbial communities, especially
in aquatic habitats.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes
Gas Vesicles
• They are made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner
surface, making it impermeable to water (and stopping water vapour from
condensing inside), but permeable to most gases.
• Natural selection has fine tuned the structure of the gas vesicle to maximize its
resistance to buckling, including an external strengthening protein, GvpC, rather
like the green thread in a braided hosepipe.
• The diameter of the gas vesicle will also help determine which species survive in
different bodies of water.
Illustration of a microbial loop
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Appendix
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Key terms
• carboxysome A bacterial organelle that contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation.
• gas gangrene a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in necrotizing or rotting tissues
• gas vesicle Gas vesicles are spindle-shaped structures found in some planktonic bacteria that provide buoyancy to these cells
by decreasing their overall cell density.
• Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins.
• magnetosome A membranous prokaryotic organelle, containing mineral crystals, present in magnetotactic bacteria.
• magnetotaxis The supposed ability to sense a magnetic field and coordinate movement in response, later discovered to be
natural magnetism: such creatures orient themselves magnetically even after death.
• ribosome Small organelles found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.
• Svedberg The Svedberg unit (S) offers a measure of particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g-force.
• translation A process occurring in the ribosome, in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) guides assembly of a sequence
of amino acids to make a protein.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Electron Micrograph of a carboxysome
(A) A thin-section electron micrograph of H. neapolitanus cells with carboxysomes inside. In one of the cells shown, arrows highlight the visible
carboxysomes. (B) A negatively stained image of intact carboxysomes isolated from H. neapolitanus. The features visualized arise from the distribution
of stain around proteins forming the shell as well as around the RuBisCO molecules that fill the carboxysome interior. Scale bars indicate 100 nm.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Peptide synthesis by a ribosome.
The ribosome assembles amino acids into a protein. The specific amino acids are controlled by the mRNA sequence. This is required by all living cells
and associated viruses.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Magnetotactic bacteria are major constituents of many natural microbial communities, especially in aquatic
habitats.
There is a broad range of shapes and groups of magnetic bacteria. However, cultivation of these organisms in the laboratory is often difficult. Only few
strains of magnetotactic bacteria have been isolated in pure culture, a tiny minority of the vast diversity of naturally occurring populations from largely
unexplored natural habitats such as the marine environment.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Electron Micrograph of the Rabies Virus.
This electron micrograph shows the rabies virus, as well as Negri bodies, or cellular inclusions.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Illustration of a microbial loop
Gas vesicles provide bouyancy for some planktonic bacteria by decreasing their overall cell density.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A protein synthesis inhibitor is isolated and the mechanism of
action is unknown. Upon treatment, studies show an excess of
mRNA and a defect in the translation process. Which structure
and process is most likely affected by this inhibitor?
A) The golgi apparatus and the modification of proteins
B) The ribosomal subunits and their assembly into an initiation complex
C) The nuclear pores and the ability to export mRNA
D) The aminoacyl-tRNAs and their ability to bind to the ribosomal
subunits
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A protein synthesis inhibitor is isolated and the mechanism of
action is unknown. Upon treatment, studies show an excess of
mRNA and a defect in the translation process. Which structure
and process is most likely affected by this inhibitor?
A) The golgi apparatus and the modification of proteins
B) The ribosomal subunits and their assembly into an initiation complex
C) The nuclear pores and the ability to export mRNA
D) The aminoacyl-tRNAs and their ability to bind to the ribosomal
subunits
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
The structure and components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells are well-studied and documented. Which structure provides
evidence for the hypothesis that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
share a common ancestor?
A) The endoplasmic reticulum
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleolus
D) The ribosomes
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
The structure and components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells are well-studied and documented. Which structure provides
evidence for the hypothesis that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
share a common ancestor?
A) The endoplasmic reticulum
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleolus
D) The ribosomes
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A species of bacteria is obtained from an environment that has
suffered from a decrease in key nutrients. Which of the following
is the best fit explanation for how the bacteria continues to thrive?
A) The bacteria does not need a multitude of nutrients to survive
B) The bacteria contains various methods of nutrient storage that allows
them to store excess nutrients
C) The bacteria has an internal microenvironment that can produce its
own nutrients from scratch
D) A species of bacteria would not thrive in an environment lacking key
nutrients
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A species of bacteria is obtained from an environment that has
suffered from a decrease in key nutrients. Which of the following
is the best fit explanation for how the bacteria continues to thrive?
A) The bacteria does not need a multitude of nutrients to survive
B) The bacteria contains various methods of nutrient storage that allows
them to store excess nutrients
C) The bacteria has an internal microenvironment that can produce its
own nutrients from scratch
D) A species of bacteria would not thrive in an environment lacking key
nutrients
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
In an attempt to clone a biologically active eukaryotic protein
using a prokaryote, a researcher observes formation of inclusion
bodies. Which is the best fit explanation for this observation?
A) The prokaryote recognizes the protein as foreign and is inactivating it
by forming inclusion bodies
B) The prokaryote contains storage granules that contain enzymes which
cleave the protein
C) The prokaryote does not have the proper system to carry out
modifications that activate the protein
D) The formation of inclusion bodies suggest that the cloning was
successful
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
In an attempt to clone a biologically active eukaryotic protein
using a prokaryote, a researcher observes formation of inclusion
bodies. Which is the best fit explanation for this observation?
A) The prokaryote recognizes the protein as foreign and is inactivating it
by forming inclusion bodies
B) The prokaryote contains storage granules that contain enzymes which
cleave the protein
C) The prokaryote does not have the proper system to carry out
modifications that activate the protein
D) The formation of inclusion bodies suggest that the cloning was
successful
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Autotrophic bacteria contain carboxysomes that provide them with
the means to undergo carbon dioxide fixation. The general
function of these carboxysomes is to:
A) provide RuBisCo which functions in the Calvin cycle
B) provide protein micro-compartments that function in glycerol
fermentation
C) provide the enzymes needed to undergo carbon dioxide fixation
D) provide a means to slow carbon dioxide fixation in comparison to the
cytoplasm
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Autotrophic bacteria contain carboxysomes that provide them with
the means to undergo carbon dioxide fixation. The general
function of these carboxysomes is to:
A) provide RuBisCo which functions in the Calvin cycle
B) provide protein micro-compartments that function in glycerol
fermentation
C) provide the enzymes needed to undergo carbon dioxide fixation
D) provide a means to slow carbon dioxide fixation in comparison to the
cytoplasm
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Magnetosomes are highly specialized internal structures that
promote survival in magnetotactic bacteria. What role do
magnetosomes play in these bacteria?
A) They aid the bacteria in locating microaerophilic and optimal oxygen
concentrated environments
B) They aid the bacteria in attracting crystals of magnetite that are
utilized for metabolic processes
C) They aid the bacteria in vesicle transport of ingested magnetotactic
algae
D) They aid the bacteria in production of iron oxide which is used for
locating preferred environments
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Magnetosomes are highly specialized internal structures that
promote survival in magnetotactic bacteria. What role do
magnetosomes play in these bacteria?
A) They aid the bacteria in locating microaerophilic and optimal oxygen
concentrated environments
B) They aid the bacteria in attracting crystals of magnetite that are
utilized for metabolic processes
C) They aid the bacteria in vesicle transport of ingested magnetotactic
algae
D) They aid the bacteria in production of iron oxide which is used for
locating preferred environments
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Which of the following is the best fit description for magnetosome
structure?
A) Magentosomes can be roughly cuboidal, elongated prismatic and
tooth-, bullet- or arrowhead-shaped
B) Magnetosomes are defined by the presence of a magnetite crystal
C) All of the choices are correct
D) Magnetosomes are typically arranged in one or more chains
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Which of the following is the best fit description for magnetosome
structure?
A) Magentosomes can be roughly cuboidal, elongated prismatic and
tooth-, bullet- or arrowhead-shaped
B) Magnetosomes are defined by the presence of a magnetite crystal
C) All of the choices are correct
D) Magnetosomes are typically arranged in one or more chains
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Which of the following structure is responsible for providing
buoyancy to cells to promote the continuation of photosynthesis?
A) Transport vesicles
B) Central vacuoles
C) Gas vacuoles
D) Gas vesicles
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Which of the following structure is responsible for providing
buoyancy to cells to promote the continuation of photosynthesis?
A) Transport vesicles
B) Central vacuoles
C) Gas vacuoles
D) Gas vesicles
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A new species of Archaea is discovered in a deep layer of the
ocean and appears to be slow growing and dark-adapted. One
would expect that this species would have:
A) a strong wide gas vesicle
B) a weak narrow gas vesicle
C) a weak wide gas vesicle
D) a strong narrow gas vesicle
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A new species of Archaea is discovered in a deep layer of the
ocean and appears to be slow growing and dark-adapted. One
would expect that this species would have:
A) a strong wide gas vesicle
B) a weak narrow gas vesicle
C) a weak wide gas vesicle
D) a strong narrow gas vesicle
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A characteristic of the gas vesicles that promote buoyance in
planktonic bacteria include:
A) a highly hydrophilic inner surface
B) an amphipatic inner surface
C) a highly hydrophobic inner surface
D) none of the choices
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
A characteristic of the gas vesicles that promote buoyance in
planktonic bacteria include:
A) a highly hydrophilic inner surface
B) an amphipatic inner surface
C) a highly hydrophobic inner surface
D) none of the choices
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Svedberg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg
• Wiktionary. "translation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/translation
• Wiktionary. "ribosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ribosome
• Wikibooks. "Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Cell." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/The_Cell#b.29_Cell_inclusions
• Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Cell Organelles/Ribosome." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Cell_Organelles/Ribosome
• Wikipedia. "Svedberg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedberg
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial cell structure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial cell structure." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure#Nutrient_storage_structures
• Wiktionary. "gas gangrene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gas+gangrene
• Wikipedia. "gas vesicle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gas%20vesicle
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial cell structure." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure#Nutrient_storage_structures
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial cell structure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure
• Wikibooks. "Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Cell." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/The_Cell#b.29_Cell_inclusions
• Wikipedia. "Inclusion bodies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion%20bodies
• Wikipedia. "Purple sulfur bacteria." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_sulfur_bacteria
• Wikipedia. "Inclusion body." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_body
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• Wikipedia. "Carboxysome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxysome
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote Cell Structure...
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial cell structure." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure#Nutrient_storage_structures
• Wiktionary. "carboxysome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carboxysome
• Wikipedia. "Magnetosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosome
• Wikipedia. "Bacterial cell structure." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure#Nutrient_storage_structures
• Wiktionary. "magnetosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnetosome
• Wiktionary. "magnetotaxis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnetotaxis
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