Biology Fall 2015
Mid-Term Study Guide
This packet contains the concepts covered this fall in the Biology classes. The concepts are based on the Georgia
Performance Standards for Biology. We ask that you work on this for preparation for your final. The content here is not
necessarily all-inclusive. Please use any notes, worksheets, and other materials provided throughout the school year to aid
your studies.
Interactive review: www.classzone.com
Chapter 1: Biology in the 21st Century
1. Define the word biodiversity. Where is it the greatest and why?
2. List the 4 characteristics shared by all living organisms and briefly explain them.
3. Define the terms structure and function---How are they related?
4. Define the term homeostasis? Examples of how it is maintained?
5. What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection?
6. Identify the different elements of scientific inquiry and differentiate between dependent variable, independent
variable, and constant.
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
7. Identify elements common to living things.
8. Describe how ions form and be able to compare ionic and covalent bonding.
9. Explain why many compounds dissolve in water.
10. What is the purpose of the pH scale? Be able to identify if a solution is an acid or a base.
11. Be able to identify if an acid is a weak or strong acid and if a base is a weak or strong base.
12. Compare the 4 different macromolecules…carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
13. Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions (Reactants, Products, direction of the reaction,
Bond energy, Equilibrium).
14. Be able to identify if a chemical reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
15. Explain the effect of a catalyst on activation energy (enzymes, substrates).
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
16. What are the 3 principles of the Cell Theory?
17. What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
18. Be able to define and label what 3 organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not? How does a plant
cell look different than an animal cell?
19. Be able to label and define the functions for the following cell organelles.
a. Cytoplasm
e. Ribosomes
b. Cytoskeleton
f. Golgi Apparatus
c. Nucleus
g. Vesicles
d. Endoplasmic
h. Vacuole
Reticulum (ER)
i. Mitochondria
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
20. The cell membrane is made up of ___layer and is said to be _________________, which means it, allows some
but, not all materials to cross. Scientists have developed the _____________, which describes the arrangement of
the molecules that make up the cell membrane. Each head is ________ which means it _______ water. Each head
has two _________ that are said to be __________ meaning they ______ like water.
21. Define Passive transport and define two types of passive transport?
22. What are the 3 ways a solution can be described and define each one?
23. What is facilitated diffusion?
24. Define Active transport.
Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
25. Briefly explain how Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) becomes Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and why is the
process important.
26. Describe the process of photosynthesis.
27. Compare and contrast the Light reactions and the Dark reactions of photosynthesis.
28. Describe the process of Cellular respiration.
29. Compare and contrast photosynthesis to cellular respiration (hint: look at the chemical equations!!)
30. Describe the process of Glycolysis.
31. Define fermentation.
32. Briefly explain the two types of fermentation.
33. Compare and contrast the terms Aerobic and Anaerobic.
34. Why is fermentation important?
Chapter 5: Cell Growth and Division
35. What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle, and the checkpoints for each?
36. In what stage does replication takes place in? Why must it happen before Mitosis?
37. ________ ________ is the regular growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
38. What types of eukaryotic cells are involved in mitosis?
39. What determines the rate of how often cells divide?
40. Compare and contrast the following terms:
Chromosome
Chromatin
Chromatid
Centromere
41. The combined processes of ___________ and ____________ produce what at the end of mitosis?
42. What are the 4 major phases of mitosis and what happens in each phase?
43. When does the cytoplasm of a cell divide?
44. Differentiate what multicellular and single-celled organisms use cell division for.(Page 142)
45. The creation of an offspring from a single parent is called ___________
______________.
46. Compare and contrast binary fission to mitosis and sexual reproduction.
47. Discuss multicellular life in terms of : Cells →Tissues→Organs→Organ Systems→Organism
Chapter 6: Meiosis
48. What are the differences between somatic cells and germ cells (gametes/sex cells).
49. What type of cells is involved in Meiosis?
50. What is the purpose of Meiosis and what is the end result?
51. Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis.
52. Identify and explain the different types of chromosomes.
Homologous Autosomes –
Sex Chromosomes –
53. Differentiate between female and males chromosomes.
54. Explain the differences between a haploid cell and a diploid.
55. Identify the steps of meiosis and what occurs in each.
Chapter 8 From DNA to Proteins
56. What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide?
57. Who developed a DNA 3-dimensional structure or model?
58. What are some different names for DNA?
59. What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA and their base paring rules?
60. What are the 4 nitrogen bases in RNA and their base paring rules?
61. Name the process in which DNA is copied and explain its importance.
62. What process follows replication and what nucleic acid does it involve?
63. What 3 types of RNA does transcription make and define them?
64. The third or last step that converts an mRNA message using amino acids to make proteins.
65. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
66. What is the name for a three-nucleotide sequence that code for an amino acid?
Vocabulary (This list is not necessarily all-inclusive)
Chapter 1
1. Biology
2. Biosphere
3. Species
4. Organism
5. Cell
6. DNA
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Ecosystem
Homeostasis
Evolution
Adaptation
Observation
Data
13. Hypothesis
14. Experiment
15. Independent
Variable
16. Dependent variable
17. Constant
18. Theory
19. Gene
Chapter 2
20. Atom
21. Element
22. Compound
24. Ion
25. Ionic bond
26. Covalent Bond
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Molecule
Hydrogen Bond
Cohesion
Adhesion
Solution
Solvent
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Chapter 3
43. Organelles
44. Prokaryotic
45. Eukaryotic
Chapter 4
51. ATP
52. ADP
53. Chemosynthesis
54. Photosynthesis
55. Chlorophyll
46. Phospholipid
47. Receptor
Solute
Acid
Base
pH
Carbohydrate
Lipid
48. Concentration
Gradient
49. Osmosis
Fatty Acid
Protein
Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid
50. Facilitated
Diffusion
56. Thylakoids
57. Electron Transport
Chain
58. Calvin Cycle
59. Cellular
Respiration
60. Aerobic
61. Glycolysis
62. Anaerobic
63. Krebs Cycle
64. Fermentation
65. Lactic Acid
Chapter 5
66. Gap 1 (G1)
67. Synthesis (S)
68. gap 2 (G2)
69. Mitosis
70. Cytokinesis
71. Chromosome
72. Prophase
73. Metaphase
74. Anaphase
75. Telophase
76. Growth Factors
77. Cell Differentiation
Chapter 6
78. Sexual
Reproduction
79. Somatic cell
80. Gamete
81. Homologous
chromosome
82. Autosome
83. Sex chromosome
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
Chapter 8
92. Mutation
93. Bacteriophage
94. Nucleotide
95. Mutagen
Fertilization
Diploid
Haploid
Meiosis
Gametogenesis
Polar body
Crossing over
Genetic linkage