Chapter 23:
The French Revolution &
Napoleon, 1789-1815
Weak & indecisive
leadership
Serious Economic
problems
Causes of the French
Revolution
Class unrest &
resentment
Enlightenment
ideas spread
•France’s Economy in decline
•Cost of living increased dramatically
•Crop failures lead to widespread starvation
•Government in debt
•King Louis XIV & Queen Marie Antoinette extravagant spenders
•King inherits debts of French Kings before him
•Government borrowed heavily to help finance the American Revolution
•King imposes heavy taxes
•Merchants, factory owners, & bankers of the 3rd Estate alarmed
•Taxes so high that there is little profit for business owners
Louis XIV
•Weak leader
•Indecisive
•Little patience for government
affairs
•Queen Marie Antoinette
interfered & offered poor
advice
•Queen very unpopular
•Imposed Taxes on nobility
The Social Order of France
Pre-Revolution…
Estate
1st Estate
2nd Estate
3rd Estate
Description
% of
Population
% of Land % of Tax
Owned
Paid
The Roman
Catholic Church
1%
10%
2%
Rich Nobles
2%
20%
0%
97%
1%
50%
Bourgeoisie, City
Workers, & Peasants
The Assembly Reforms France
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration of Independence
The English Bill of Rights
Influenced by ______________________________________ and _________________________________________
Two important points of the declaration include…
1.
Due Causeinnocent until proven guilty
2.
Freedom of: Speech, ideas, press, & religion
Who was not included?
Women
Powers of the Legislative Assembly:
•
•
Power to create laws
Power to approve or reject declarations of war
Louis XVI Goes on Trial
Date:
January 21, 1793
Charges:
Treason
Sentenced to death via the guillotine
Result:
Maximilien Robespierre Fact File
•Jacobin leader
•Set out to build a “Republic of Virtue”wanted to wipe out France’s past
•Changed the calendar (12 months of 30 days with no Sundays)
•Closed all churches
•Governed France as a dictator
The Reign of Terror
Most Famous Victims:
Purpose:
Georges Danton & Marie Antoinette
Rid France of enemies of the Revolution
A Few Facts
and Figures:
•1793-1794
•40,000 people killed (mostly peasants)
•Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794
desire for
privileges
heavy taxes
Causes of Revolution
government
debt
poor
leadership
gap between
rich & poor
Enlightenment
ideas
poor harvest & high
bread prices
Assembly creates a
constitution.
War with Austria begins when
Austria offers
support
War goes badly for the
for Louis XVI.
French, and
mobs rule
King is executed.
Paris.
Reign of Terror begins as
radicals take
over the
Terror ends as moderates
government.
gain control.
continued . . .
1789 French
Revolution
breaks out.
1800 New constitution
gives Napoleon all real
power.
1796–1799
Napoleon wins
many victories.
1795 Napoleon
defeats royalist
rebels.
1799 Napoleon
seizes power from
the Directory.
1804 Napoleon
crowned emperor.
6 Degrees
of Louis
XVI
Robespierre
Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI
Metternich
Jean Paul Marat
Napoleon
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?Military leader who later crowned himself emperor of France
How was he able to take power in France?
•
Directory (government after Robespierre) lost confidence of the French people
•
Drove out members of the Directory & voted in as 1st Council & assumed role as dictator
What did he promise the French people? Restore order to France
Restored order to France
Napoleonic Code
Crowned himself emperor
Strengthened economy
Concordat (agreement with the church)
Lycees (government run public schools)
Strengthened central government
Ended corruption in government
Napoleon’s Empire & Battles
•Santo Domingo-> Gave up New World ambitions
•Annexed the Austrian Netherlands & parts of Italy
•Set up a puppet government in Switzerland
•Battled for territory of Austria, Prussia, & Russia
French Constitution
Efficient tax collection
Klemens Von Metternich Fact File
•Foreign minister of Austria
•Not a fan of Democracy
METTERNICH’S PLAN
Problem
French aggression
Power struggles
between countries
Lack of legitimate leaders
Solution
Surrounding France with strong
countries
Creating a balance of power so that
no country can dominate others
Restoring royal families to their
thrones
Changes Made in Europe:
•Made weak countries around France stronger
•Creation of German Confederation
•Switzerland became an independent nation
•Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened
The Revenge of Austria/Prussia/Russia
•Most decisions were made by Russia, Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, &
France
•Containment of France
European Nations Attack Napoleon
• Elba
Where Napoleon was exiled to
• Battle of Waterloo
• Saint Helena
Napoleon’s last battle (lost)
Remote island in South Atlantic where Napoleon was banished to (he tied 6 years later)
•Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France
Members and Reps
Goals
•Establish long-lasting peace in Europe
Congress of
Vienna
Legacy
•Maintain balance of power in Europe
•Lasted 100 years
•Nationalistic feelings would explode into revolutions
Actions Taken
•Containment of France
•Balance of Power
There is
discontent
amongst the
people of all
the social
classes
The Third Estateresents the Old
Regime system
People feel
restless and
held down by
unacceptable
restrictions in
society,
religion and
the economy
or the
government
•Economics= high
taxes,
unemployment
•Resentful of clergy
positions
People are
hopeful about
the future, but
they are being
forced to
accept less
than they had
hoped for.
•Enlightenment
gives hope, but high
taxes and crop
failures are
problematic
People are
beginning to
think of
themselves as
belonging to
a social class,
and there is a
growing
bitterness
between
social classes.
•The bourgeoisie of
the third estate is
growing angry- they
are educated and
want more rights
The social
classes
closest to one
another are
the most
hostile.
•Not really- it is
mostly the Third
Estate that is upset.
The scholars
and thinkers
give up on the
way their
society
operates
•Enlightenment
changes minds
about absolutismequality, liberty and
democracy!
The
government
does not
respond to the
needs of its
society
•Louis XVI is a
poor leader and
Marie Antoinette
interferes with the
governmentinstead of cutting
back on spending,
decides to tax the
nobles.
The leaders of
the
government
and ruling
class begin to
doubt
themselves.
Some join
with the
opposition
groups.
•Some clergy and
nobles join the
National Assembly.
The
government is
unable to get
enough
support from
any group to
save itself.
•Louis tires to
escape, fails- gets
Austria and Prussia
to help him- that
plan also fails.
The
government
cannot
organize its
finances
correctly and
is either
going
bankrupt or
trying to tax
heavily and
unjustly.
•Louis taxes are too
high for the Third
Estate- First and
Second Estates have
little to no taxes.
Impossible
demands
made of
government
which, if
granted,
would mean
its end.
•Third Estate wants
lower taxes, change
in voting in the
Estates Generalwould like to end
absolutism and
estate system
Unsuccessful
government
attempts to
suppress
revolutionaries
•Third Estate is
locked out of the
Estates GeneralTennis Court OathLouis has Swiss
guard surround
VersaillesStorming of the
Bastille
Revolutionaries
gain power and
seem united
•Storming of the
Bastille, March on
Versailles, Creation
of the National
Assembly and
Declaration of the
Rights of Man.
Once in power,
revolutionaries
begin to quarrel
among
themselves, and
unity begins to
dissolve
•Food shortages, the
government is still
in debt- factions of
Radicals,
Moderates and
Conservatives form
The
moderates
gain the
leadership
but fail to
satisfy those
who insist on
further
changes
•The Legislative
Assemble creates a
limited monarchy.
Power is
gained by
progressively
more radical
groups until
finally a
lunatic fringe
gains almost
complete
control
•Jacobins gain
popularity- Marat
calls for death to
royalists.
A strong man
emerges and
assumes great
power
•Maximillian
Robespierre
The
extremists try
to create
“heaven on
earth” by
introducing
their whole
program and
by punishing
all their
opponents
•Robespierre wants
to build a “republic
of virtue” by wiping
out France’s pastCommittee of
Public Safety
A period of
terror occurs
•Reign of Terror
Moderate
groups regain
power. The
revolution is
over.
•The Directory is
formed with 5
moderate leadersbut is it really
over???
Homework:
1.
24-1 Chapter Outline
2.
24-2 Visual Tour
3.
24-2 Chronological Map
4.
24-3 Picture Story Ottomans,
Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck,
Prussia)
Vocabulary
Peninsulares
Creoles
mulattos
conservatives
liberals
radicals
nationalism
nation-state
Red Shirts
realpolitik
Kaiser
People:
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Miguel Hidalso
Jose Maria Morelos
Louis Napoleon
Alexander II
Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Otto von Bismarck
Countries in Central America
Belize - a country in Central America at the southeast border of Mexico
and northeast of Guatemala.
Costa Rica - a country just north of Panama.
El Salvador - a country in Central America that is south of Guatemala
and Honduras.
Guatemala - a country in Central America south of Mexico and west of
Belize.
Honduras - a country northeast of Nicaragua.
Nicaragua - a country just north of Costa Rica.
Panama - a country at the southernmost tip of Central America.
Other Features
Atlantic Ocean - the ocean east of Central America.
Colombia - a country in northwestern South America; it is southeast
of Panama.
Lake Nicaragua - a large lake in Nicaragua.
Mexico - a country southwest of the USA and north of Guatemala
and Belize.
Pacific Ocean - the ocean west of Central America.
Panama Canal - a man-made canal in Panama that connects the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Problems in Latin America:
What were Caudillos?
•Low wages and high prices made
workers practical slaves in a system
known as peonage.
•Landowners took over lands owned
by natives and the Catholic Church.
Leads to an unequal distribution of
land.
•Caudillos are often ruthless and
most people lack a voice in
government.
Economic problems in Latin America:
Over-dependence on exports- foreign nations
benefit more- they import many goods from
Europe and US.
Do not industrialize
Do not spend money on developing schools,
hospitals, roads.
Local military leaders- raised
small armies and began to
forcefully take over land in Latin
America.
Role of the United States
Monroe Doctrine- Europe could no longer
colonize in the Americas.
Spanish-American War- US joins Cuba in the
fight for independence from Spain- Cuba
resented US intervention.
Borrowed money at high rates from Britain,
France, US and Germany.
Panama Canal- France had tried to build a
canal and failed- US befriends Panama in a
revolution against Columbia and in return,
Panama gives the US a ten mile wide zone to
build the canal.
Could not pay back debts, so foreigners take
over facilities they funded.
Roosevelt Corollary- gives the US the right to
“police” the Western Hemisphere.
Geographic Barriers:
Andes Mountains, vast
areas- hinder attempts
at creating a unified
Latin America.
Social Injustice:
colonial class structureCreoles owned most land
and wealth. Oligarchyruling elite. Mestizos,
mulattoes, Indians,
Africans have few
rights.
Power of the Church:
Catholic Church was a
stabilizing influence,
promoted education, in
colonial times owned a
lot of land.
Latin American
Revolutions
Caudillos- local
military strongmenhad own armies and
gained control of
governmentsrepressive, ignored
existing constitutions.
Cash Crop
Economies: colonies
sent sugar, cotton,
coffee to Europe –
dependency on 1
crop=unstable
economy.
Economic
Imperialism: foreign
investment helped
develop mining and
farming- developed ports
and railroads, but only
upper class and foreign
investors profited.
PeninsularesBorn in Spain
Creoles- Europeans born
in Latin America
Mestizos- Native and European Mix
Mulattos- European and African mix
Africans
Natives
Where?
Who rebelled?
Why?
What happened?
Haiti
Slaves
Freedom
Independence
Spanish South
America
Creoles
Freedom
Independence
Mexico
Native Americans and
mestizos/creoles
Slavery
Independence
Brazil
Creoles and
royal family
End colonial rule
Independence
Social Class
Percentage of
Population
Number of People
Peninsulares
0.1%
15,000
Africans
6.4%
900,000
Mestizos
7.3%
1,030,000
Mulattos
7.6%
1,070,000
Creoles
22.8%
3,070,000
Indians
55.8%
7,860,000
Where? Haiti
When? Late 1790s
How?
•Leads
revolution in
Haiti
•Becomes
skilled general
•Frees slaves
Where?
•Venezuela
•Peru
•Ecuador
•Panama
When? Early 1800s
How?
•“Liberator”-Freedom
fighter
•Lead solders into battle
•Defeated Spanish army
Where?
Argentina,
Chile, &
Columbia
When? Early
1800s
How?
•Joins forces with
Bolivar to set
Latin American
nations free
Monroe Doctrine- Europe could no longer
colonize in the Americas.
Spanish-American War- US joins Cuba in the
fight for independence from Spain- Cuba
resented US intervention.
Panama Canal- France had tried to build a
canal and failed- US befriends Panama in a
revolution against Columbia and in return,
Panama gives the US a ten mile wide zone to
build the canal.
Roosevelt Corollary- gives the US the right to
“police” the Western Hemisphere.
What is it?
Nationalism is a people's
sense of belonging together
as a nation. It also includes
such feelings as loyalty to the
nation, pride in its culture
and history, and--in many
cases--a desire for national
independence.
Nation vs. State
• Nation: A group
of people with a
shared culture,
language,
history, etc.
who have the
desire to have
their own state
• State: A political
organization
consisting of one
or more nations
of people.
Nation
State
BONDS THAT
CREATE
NATION-STATES
1821
• Greece rebels against
Ottoman Turks.
1830
Revolts against
the Old Order
1848
• Hungarians call for self-government
• French demand democratic government.
• Liberals revolt in the German states.
• Czechs demand independence
for Bohemia.
• Belgians declare
independence from the Dutch.
• Italians try to unite.
• Poles rebel against Russia.
• French throw out Charles X.
Manufactured
incidents
Realpolitik
Ruled Germany without
consent of Parliament &
without a legal budget,
as Prime Minister
Formed alliance
between Prussia and
Austria
War against
Denmark
FrancoPrussian War
United all of
Germany
Seven Weeks’
War
Germany
Leaders-William I,
Otto Van Bismarck
Franco-Prussian War
Seven Weeks’ War
Resulting Government:
German Empire
Austria left out of
the confederation
Resistance by
liberals
Catholic-Protestant
divisions
Prussia led
unification drive
Both
•LeadersAristocrats
•Many separate
states united by
spirit of
nationalism
•At start, some
territories & states
held by foreign
powers
Italy
Leaders-Cavor,
Victor Emanuel II
War with Austria
Resulting Government:
United Kingdom
Treaty left Pope in
control of Vatican City
Cultural divisions remain
between industrial north and
agricultural south
Majority Catholic
Sardinia led
unification drive